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AN 



EPITOME 



HISTORY, 



Y -- 



HISTORICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL 



CHARTS. 



r¥ 



BY J. E. WORCESTER. 



<i&; 



CAMBRIDGE : 
PUBLISHED BY BILLIARD AND BROWN, 

1827. 



DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS, TO A^ITs 

District CUrk^s Office, 

BE it remembered, that on the twentieth day of July, A. D. 1827, 
in the fifty-second year of the Independence of the United States of Amer- 
ica, J. E Worcester, of the said district, has deposited in this ofiice 
the title of a book, the right whereof he claims as proprietor, in the 
words following, fo rvit : — 

" An Epitome of Histoiy, with Historical and Chronological Charts. 
By J. E. Worcester " 

In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United States, en- 
titled " An act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the cop- 
ies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such 
copies, during the times therein mentioned ; " and also to an act, 
entitled " An act supplementary to an act, entitled, ' An act for the 
encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, 
and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the 
times therein mentioned ;' and extending the benefits thereof to the arts 
of designing, engraving, and etching historical and other prints." 

JNO. W. DAVIS. 
Clei'k of the District of Massachusetts* 



^rr 



CAMBRIDGE. 

University Press : Hilliard, Metcalf, Sc Co. 



vO' 



i 

[1 PREFACE, 



The study of History, which is one of the most in- 
teresting and useful branches of knowledge, has been 
but little attended to in our common schools ; and one 
of the reasons of its having been so much neglected, is 
doubtless the want of suitable books. 

The author of this little treatise published, some time 
since, the " Elements of History, Ancient and Modern" 
accompanied by " An Historical Atlas ; " a work which 
is adapted to the use of academies and the higher schools, 
and which has been favourably received. 

The plan adopted in the " Elements " of facilitating 
the study of History by a series of Historical Charts, has 
been highly approved by many experienced and judi- 
cious instructers ; and the author has thought he might 
perform an acceptable service to the interests of educa- 
tion, by preparing a manual suitable to be used as the 
first book in History by pupils who might afterward 
study larger works, and also by a numerous class of 
young persons, of both sexes, whose means of education 
are too limited to admit of their studying thoroughly, 
while at school, a more extended system. 

This little treatise is substantially an abstract of the 
larger work above mentioned ; and the plan of it is 



PREFACE. 



similar to that adopted in the author's Epitome of 
Geography; a plan which is very simple, and perfectly 
easy both to the teacher and pupil, and which will 
readily unfold itself as the work is perused. 

The Epitome and the accompanying Jltlas are to be 
used throughout in connexion ; and the matter is all 
along arranged in the order in which it is deemed most 
advisable that it should be studied. 

The study of Geography ought always to precede 
the study of History ; but a pupil who has made him- 
self well acquainted with such a treatise as the Epitome 
of Geography above mentioned, may with advantage 
attend to this work. 

This work has been made concise, in order that it 
might be adapted to the wants of such as have not here- 
tofore been accustomed to attend to the subject while 
at school, and that the expense might be so small as to 
place it within the reach of all classes. But though the 
plan is concise, it is comprehensive ; and the Book, to- 
gether with the Atlas, will be found to contain much 
important historical information, and will give the pupil 
a general view of the rise, progress, revolutions, decline, 
and fall of the principal states and empires, and furnish 
him with a connected series of many of the most inter- 
esting events, from the remotest ages to the present 
time. 

It is highly important that the study of History and 
Chronology should be generally introduced into our 
common schools, that young persons of both sexes may 
be instructed in their outlines. This is desirable, not so 
much for the sake of the knowledge thus to be acquired, 
as for the benefit which it may afford as a foundation 
for further improvement, by enabling the pupil to pursue 
the study with satisfaction and advantage, after the 



PREFACE. 



season of attending school is passed ; by cherishing a 
taste for a more profitable course of reading than is now 
generally pursued ; a course which will tend more to 
strengthen the mind and improve the character, em- 
bracing less of fiction and more of fact, fewer novels 
and more of history. 



CONTENTS. 



Page 

Introduction . . . , . 1 

Explanation of the Chart of History . . 3 

Ancient History . . . . . ID 
The Israelites or Jews . . . .11 

Egypt ...:... 12 

The Phoenicians 13 

Assyria and Babylon .... 14 

Persia ....... 15 

Greece 16 

Chart of Ancient Chronology ... 30 

Rome . 32 

Questions on the Chart of Ancient Chronology 46 

Middle Ages 52 

The Arabs or Saracens . . . .53 

The Feudal System . . . " . . 56 

The Crusades ...... 58 

Chivalry 61 

Modern History 64 

France 68 

England 80 



CONTENTS. 



Chart of Modern History .... 94 

America ....... 100 

United States 103 

Chart of American History . . . . 127 



ERRATUM. 

Page 50, line 19, for Diod'orus, read Diodo'ms. 



EPITOME OF HISTORY. 



INTRODUCTION. 



1. History is a narrative of past events. 

2. History, with respect to time, is divided into An- 
cient and Modern. 

3. Ancient History is the history of the world from 
the creation to the establishment of the J^Tew Empire of 
the West under Charlemagne^ A. D. 800. 

4. Modern History is the history of the world from 
A. D 800 to the present time. 

5. Some historians, however, adopt the Christian 
Era, and others the subversion of the Western Empire 
of the Romans, A. D. 476, for the dividing point be- 
tween Ancient and Modern History. 

6. A third division of History, which is often consid- 
ered as distinct from ancient and modern, is that of the 
Middle Ages. This period comprises about a thousand 
years, from the 5th to the 15th century ; or from the 
subversion of the Western Empire of the Romans to that 
of the Eastern Empire. 

1. The Middle Ages embrace the time intervening 
between the extinction of ancient literature and the ap- 

Questions. — Introduction. 

1. What is History ? 2. How is it divided ? 

3. What is Ancient History ? 4. What is Modern History ? 

5. What other periods are sometimes considered as the 

division between ancient and modern history ? 

6. What is a third division of history ? What does it com- 

prise ? 

7. What more is said of the Middle Ages ? 

A 



IM'KODl CTIO^. 

pearance of modern literature. During this period Eu- 
rope was sunk ia ignorance and barbarism ; hence it 18 
often styled tJie Dark »^ges. 

S. .indent Histon/ is distinguished by tlie four great 
monarchies of .-issi/ria or Babijlon, Persia, Greece or 
Macedonia, and Borne. 

9. The Middle .iges are characterized by the origin 
and progress of Mahometanism, the prevalence of the 
Feudal St/stem, the Crusades, and Chivaln/. 

10. Modern Histon/ is distinguished by the invention 
of gunpowder, and the consequent change in the mode 
of icar ; the discovery of America, and the extension of 
commerce ; the invention of the art of printing, the re- 
vival of learning, and the ditfusion of A-??ou'/frfge ; also 
by the reformation in religion, and a variety of other im- 
provements in the state of society. 

11. History, with regard to the nature of its subjects, 
may be divided into Sacred and Profane, Ecclesiastical 
and Civil. 

12. Sacred History is the history contained in the 
Scriptures, and it relates chiefly to the Israelites. 

13. Profane Histonf is the history of ancient heathen 
nations, and is found chiefly in the writings of the 
Greeks and Romans. 

14. Ecclesiastical History is the history of the church 
of Christ or of Christianity, from its first promulgatiou 
to the present time. 

15. Civil History is the history ef the various nations, 
states, and empires, that have appeared in the world, 
exhibiting a view of their wars, revolutions, and changes. 

16. Sat'red History goes back to the remotest period 
of time, and gives an account of the creation of the 
world, the fall of man, the deluge, the planting of tlie 
different nations, and the selection of tlie Israelites to 
be the peculiar people of God. 

S. By what is Ancient History distinguished ? 

9. By what are the Middle Ages characterized? 
10. By wliat is Modern History distinguished I 
11 How is history divided with regard to subjects.' 
12. ^Vhat is Sacred History ? 13 Profane History '? 
14. Ecclesiastical History .' lo. Civil History .^ 
IQ. What is said of Sacred History ? 



INTRODUCTION. d 

17. The creation of the world took place, according • 
to the common chronology, 4004 years before the Chris- I 
tian era. 

18. The earliest profane historian, whose v/orks are 
extant, is Herod'otus, who WTote about 44.5 years before 
the birth of Christ, and whose history goes back only ij 
to th« 713th year before the same event. 

19. The history of Herod'otus relates to the E^jp- 
tians, Persians, Greeks, lonians, Lydians, Lycians, and : 
Macedonians. 

90. Very little is known, with certainty, respecting the 

history of the world, during the long period from the ' 

creation to the time when the history of Herod'otus be- ' 
gins, except what is contained in the Bible. 

21. The histories of Greece and Rome are far the best 
known, most interesting, and most important portions of , 
ancient profane history. j 

22. There is much obscurity hanging over the history j 
of the Middle or Dark Ages. " \ 

23. The portions of history best known are those : 
which relate to civilized nations during the last three \ 
centuries. i 

Explanation of the Chart of History. ^ 

ChaH JVb. 1. ■ 

1. This Chart affords assistance in the study of his- 
tory, similar to what is afforded by %.aps in the study 
o^ geography. i 

2. It supposes time to be flowing in a stream, from 

17. When did the creation of the world take place ? 

18. Who is the earliest profane historian? When did he 

write ? I 

19. To what nations does the history of Herodotus relate ? 

20. What is said of the early history of the world ? i 

21. What parts of ancient profane history are most im> i 

portant .'' i 

22. What is said of the Dark Ages ? ^ 

23. What portions of history are best known .'' 

Questions. — Explanation of the Chart of History. 
1. What is said of the use of the Chart of History ? 
S. What does it suppose with regard to time ? 



4 CHART OF HISTORY. 

the left hand to the right ; and represents, at one view, 
the principal states and empires which have existed in 
the world, together with their origin, revolutions, de- 
cline and fall. j^y 

3. The comparative magnitude, or extent of the sever- 
al countries, is not indicated by the Chart, and those 
|Jarts of the world, which are almost unknown in histo- 
ry, are not represented at all upon it. 

^ 4. rhe diiFerent parts of the same empire, as the Per- 
sian, Roman, &c., being composed of various countries, 
are not all contig-uous to each other on the Chart. But as 
the several portions of the same empire are all repre- 
sented by the same colour, the eye will readily embrace, 
at one view, the various territories of which it was, at 
any given period, composed 

5. x\t the bottom of the Chart, towards the left hand, 
are represented some of the principal states that flour- 
ished in remote antiquity, from the time of the Deluge 
to the year 800 before the Christian Era. 

6. The scale of the main body of the Chart, comprises 
a period of 2,700 years; namely, from 800 years B.C. 
to the end of the 19th century. 

7. This interval of 2,700 years, is divided into 27 
equal parts, by perpendicular lines, extending from the 
top to the bottom, each space between the lines, denot- 
ing the period of 100 years. 

8. The several (Countries, of which the history is de- 
lineated, are represented by spaces included between 
horizontal lines. 

9. The slant lines denote the gradual conquest of a 
country ; as for example, the conquest of the Britons 
by the Romans, was commenced A. D. 43, but not com- 
pleted till 84. 

3. What does it not indicate ? 

4. How are the different parts of the same empire repre- 

sented ? 

5. What is represented in the part at the bottom towards 

the left hand? 

6. What does the scale of the main body comprise ? 

7. How is this isUerval divided ? 

8. How are the different countries delineated.' 

9. What do the slant lines denote ? 



CHART OF HISTORY. 5 

10. In order to ascertain the date of any event or 
revolution in the history of a country represented on 
the Chart, add the figures at the line denoting the 
event, to the next century, if before Christ, on the right 
hand, and if after Christ, on the left hand, and the sum 
will give the date before or after the Christian era, as 
the case may be. 

11. Thus it appears, that Egypt dates from 2188 
B. C. ; Rome from 753 B. C. ; that Macedonia was con- 
quered and added to the Roman commonwealth 168 
B. C. ; that the Heruli made their conquest, and put an 
end to the Western Empire of the Romans, in the year 
476 after Christ ; and that the Turks put an end to the 
Eastern Empire in 1453. 

12. By carrying the eye horizontally upon the chart, 
from the left hand to the right, one may see the succes- 
sion of states and empires, their rise, progress, and fall, 
of what states they were composed, and what states 
rose from their ruins. 

13 By carrying the eye vertically on the chart, from 
the top to the bottom, one may see what states and em- 
pires were flourishing at any given period. 

14 At the period of 500 years B. C, it will be seen 
that the Persian Empire was much the most consider- 
able then existing ; that it had swallowed up the Baby- 
lonian Empire, and embraced various other countries of 
Asia, and also Egypt ; that the Grecian states existed 
separate and independent ; that the republic of Rome 
was of small extent ; and that the nations in the middle 
and north of Europe, were unconquered and indepen- 
dent. 

15. At the period of A. D. 100, it will be seen that 
the Roman Empire embraced the most of the then 

10. How is the date of any event ascertained ? 

11. From what year does Rome date ? k.c. 

12. What may be seen by carrying the eye horizontally 

along the Chart 1 . 

13. What is seen by carrying the eye vertically or from top 

to bottom ? 

14. What states and empires are seen to have been flourish- 

ing 500 years B. C. ? 

15. What is seen at the period of A. D. 100 ? 

a2 



CHART OF HISTORY. 

known world ; that the Britons had been recently sub- 
dued, but that the Scots, Irish, and the northern nations 
of Europe, and also the Parthians, Arabs, Hindoos, and 
Chinese, (nations then little known) were not conquered. 

16. At the period of A. D. 800, it will be seen that 
the three principal empires were those of the Saracens 
and the Franks, and the Eastern or Greek Empire ; that 
the Western Empire of the Romans had been, for more 
than three centuries, extinct ; that the kingdom of the 
Lombards had lately terminated ; that the temporal 
dominion of the Pope had commenced ; that England 
was under the government of the Saxon Heptarchy ; and 
that the northern kingdoms of Europe were not yet 
formed. 

17. At the period of 1300, it appears that the Moguls 
had obtained possession of a large part of Asia ; that 
the Caliphate of Bagdad had terminated ; that England 
was in possession of Wales, Ireland, and a considerable 
part of France ; and that Sweden, JVorivay, Denmark^ 
Poland, Scotland, Hungary, Bohemia, Germa7iy, Portu- 
gal, &c. were separate and independent states. 

18. At the period of 1800, it appears that Denmark 
was in possession of JVonvay, which was soon after an- 
nexed to Sweden ; that the kingdom of Poland had been 
dismembered between Russia, Austria, and Prussia; 
that Holland and the JS/etherlands, and a great part of 
Italy, had been recently annexed to France, but were 
soon after separated from it ; that the Turks were in 
possession of a great part of the countries most cele- 
brated in ancient history ; that the Wahabees were in 
possession of a part of Arabia, and the English of 
Hindoostan ; that the English possessed Canada ; that 
the United States had become independent of England ; 
that the Spanish provinces in America still belonged to 
Spain, and Brazil to Portugal, but that soon after they 
all became independent. 

19. The four great empires of antiquity, as may be 
seen by the Chart, were Assyrian or Babylonian, the 
Persian, the Macedonian, and the Roman. 

16. At 800? 17. At 1300? 18. At 1800.? 

19. What were the four great empires of antiquity ? 



CHART OF HISTORY. / 

20. The Assyrian or Babylonian Empire was the most 
ancient, and was succeeded in 536 B. C. by the Persian. 

21. The Persian Empire lasted from 536 to 330 B. C, 
206 years, and was swallowed up by the Macedonian 
Empire. 

22. The Macedonian Empire, in its extensive form, 
was of but short duration, and was dissolved 301 B. C. 

23. The Roman Empire was much the most powerful 
empire of antiquity, and from about half a century be- 
fore Christ, to the latter part of the 5th century after 
Christ, embraced most of the then known world. 

24. After the fall of the Western Empire of the Ro- 
mans, the Franks, Goths, Vandals, Lombards^ and other 
barbarous nations, obtained possession of the principal 
part of Europe. 

25. The empire of the Saracens commenced before 
the middle of the 7th century, and continued through 
that, and the 8th and 9th centuries, flourishing- and pow- 
erful ; but was at length broken into various parts, and 
in 1258, the Caliphate of Bagdad terminated. 

26. The empire of the Moguls was widely extended 
in the early part of the 13th century under the mighty 
conqueror Jenghiz-Khan ; and in the latter part of the 
14th century Timur Bek or Tamerlane, a Tartar, ran 
a similar career of conquest. 

27. The figures on the left hand of the American 
states denote the time of the conquest or settlement of 
each ; those on the right hand, the time when each be- 
came independent. Thus it appears that JYew-England 
was settled by the English in 1620, and that the United 
States became independent in 1776 ; that Mexico was 
conquered by the Spaniards in 1521, and became inde- 
pendent in 1821. 

20. WhaJ appears respecting the Assyrian empire ? 21. The 
Persian ? 22, The Macedonian ? 23. The Roman ? 

24. What nations possessed Europe after the fall of the 
f Western Empire ? 

25. When did the Saracens flourish ? &lc. 

26. When did the empire of the Moguls prevail ? &c. 

27. What do the figures on the left hand of the American 

states denote ? fee. 

a3 



8 CHART OF HISTORY, 

28. By the Chart, it appears that before the Christian 
era, England was inhabited by the Bntons, who were 
conquered by the Roma?is in the first century after 
Christ, and Continued subject to them tid 410 ; that the 
Saxon Heptarchy >vas commenced in 555, completed in 
585, and continued till 827, when England became one 
kingdom under Saxon monarchs ; that the Danes were 
possessed of the kingdom from 1013 to 1041 ; that the 
Saxons then regained possession and held it till 1066, 
when they were conquered by the JVoinnans under Wil- 
liam the Conqueror ; that Ireland was annexed to Eng- 
land in 1 172, IVales in 1283, and Scotland in 1 603 ; and 
that England held possessions in France from 1066 to 
1558. 

The changes of other states and kingdoms, both 

ancient and modern, delineated on the chart, loill he 
easily understood. 

28. What changes are seen by the Chart to have taken 
place with regard to England ? 

Questions on the ancient part of the *Chart of History. 

1. What are some of the states and empires that flourished 

from the Deluge to 800 B C. ? 

2. How long before Christ was the Deluge ? 

3. When was Babel built ? 

4. From what period does Babylon da;te ? 5. Egypt? 

6. Sigyon in Greece ' 7 What other cities in Greece 
were founded before 1400 B C. ? 

8. What is the date of the Argonauiic Expedition? 

9. What is the period of Lycurgus 9 

10. When did the kingdom of Troy end ? 

11. What is the date of the CaWng ofMraham 9 

12. When were the Israelites in Egypt 9 

13. When did they enter Canaan ? 

14 When were they first governed by a Mng f 

15. When was the kingdom divided into the Ten Tribes of 

Israel and Judah? 

16. When was /srae/incorporated with the Assyrian Empire ? 

17. When was Judah with the Babylonian Empire 1 

18. When was Phoenicia annexed to the Babylonian Empire ? 

* Note. By the Chart it appears, that Babvlon was founded 
2227 B. C. ; Si9yon 2089 B. C. ; Argos 1856 B. C. he. 



CHART OF HISTORY. 9 

19. When did the Babylonian Empire end ? 

20. What empire succeeded it ? 

21. When did the Persian Empire begin and end r 

22. By what empire was it succeeded ? 

23. When was Egypt conquered by the Persians P 

24. When by the Macedonians f 

25. When were Athens, Sparta, Thebes, he. annexed to the 

Macedonian Empire ? 

26. When was the Macedonian Empire dissolved ? 

27. When was the kingdom of Macedonia annexed to the 

Roman Empire ? 

28. When did the Ptolemies govern Egypt ? 

29. When did the Seleucidce govern Syria? 

30. When did the Ptolemies govern Judea? 

31. When the Maccabees 9 

32. yWidX is the date of the foundation of Rome ? 

33. What is the date of the commencement of the Republic ? 

34. What were some of the nations first conquered by the 

Romans ? 
3^ When were the Cisalpine Gauls conquered .'' 
36. Macedonia? 37. Greece ov the Achtsan League ? 
38. The Carthaginians ? 39. The Gauls f 40. The Hehetii ? 
41. Syria? 42. Judea? 43. Egypt? 44. The Britons? 

45. During what centuries was the Roman Empire most ex- 

tensive ^ 

46. When did the Roman dominion over the Britons end ? 

47. When did the Suevi obtain possession of Spain ? 

48. When did the Her'uli conquer Italy ? 

49. When did the empire of the Franks begin ? 
60. During what centuries was it most extensive ? 

51. When did the kingdom of the Lombards in Italy begin 

and end ? 

52. In what century did the Saracen empire commerice? 

53. When did the Greek Empire of Kice terminate ? 

54. In what century was the Eastern or Greek Empire gov- 

erned by French emperors ? 

55. When did the Eastern or Greek Empire end ^ 

56. By whom was it conquered .' 



a4 



ANCIENT HISTORY. 



THE ISRAELITES, OR JEWS. 

1. The Israelites were descended from Abraham by 
liis son Isaac; and derived their name from Jacobs 
the grandson of Abraham, who was surnamed Israel. 

2. They were called Hebrews, as is supposed, from. 
Eber, an ancestor of Abraham ; and the name Jeivs they 
derived from Judah, one of the twelve sons of Jacob, and 
the patriarch of the principal of the twelve tribes. 

3. The Israelites were distinguished from other an- 
cient nations chiefly by being- the only people of an- 
tiquity, that were made acquainted with the true God 
and true religion, by means of a divine revelation. 

4. Their ancient history is found chiefly in the Bible 
and in the writings of Josephus, a Jewish historian, who 
lived in the time of the destruction of Jerusalem by the 
Romans. 

5. Jacob and his twelve sons with their families, 70 
persons in all, migrated from Canaan to Egypt, and 
their posterity was there reduced to slavery. 

6. After a residence of 215 years in Egypt, they were 
miraculously liberated from bondage under the direc- 
tion of Moses, the great Hebrew lawgiver. 

Questions. — The Israelites, or Jews. 
1. From whom were the Israelites descended, and from 

whom do they derive their name ? 
2 Why were they called Hebrews and Jews ? 

3. What distinguished them from other ancient nations'? 

4. Where is their ancient history found? 

5. What is said of Jacob and his twelve sons ? 

6. How were they liberated ? 



THE ISRAELITES, OR JEWS. 11 

1. Tliey were condemned, on account of their iniqui- 
ty and rebellion, to wander 40 years in the wilderness ; 
and afterward took possession of Canaan under the di- 
rection of Joshua. 

8. During 356 years after their entrance into Canaan, 
they were governed by a succession of Judges. 

9. At length they became desirous of having a change 
in their government, and Saul was anointed their first 
king. 

10. The reign of David who succeeded Saul, and 
that of Solomon, the son of David, formed the most flour- 
ishing period of the monarchy. 

11 The reign of Solomon was a period of peace and 
prosperity, and was particularly distinguished for the 
iDuilding of the celebrated temple of Jerusalem. 

12. After the death of Solomon, Ten Tribes revolted 
from his son Rehoboam, and two kingdoms were formed, 
one styled the kingdom of Judah, including also the 
tribe of Benjamin, and the other the kingdom of Israel, 
consisting of the other Ten Tribes. 

13. The kingdom of Israel was governed by a suc- 
cession of idolatrous sovereigns of different families, 
during 254 years, after which the kingdom was con- 
quered, and the people were carried into captivity by 
Shalmaneser, king of Assyria, and never afterward re- 
turned. 

14. After the revolt of the Ten Tribes, the kingdom 
of Judah continued to be governed by kings of the 
family of David, during 387 years, till the nation was 
conquered and carried into captivity by JVebuchadnezzar, 
king of Babylon. 

15. After the Babylonish captivity had continued 70 
years, the Jews were permitted by Cyrus, king of Per- 

7. What took place with respect to thera afterwards? 

8. How long were they governed by Judges ? 

9. Who was their first king? 

10 During whose reigns was the kingdom most flourishing ? 

11. Wliat is said of the reign of Solomon ? 

12. What took place after the death of Solomon ? 

13. What is related of the kingdom of Israel ? 

14. What is said of the kingdom of Judah ? 

15. What took place afterward ? 



12 EGYPT. 

sia, to return and rebuild the city and temple of Jeru- 
salem. 

16. From this period the Jews were successively un- 
der the government of the Persians, the Macedonians, 
the Ptolemies, kings of Egypt, the Selewcidce, kings 
of Syria, and the Maccabees, Jewish princes, till they 
were at last conquered by the Romans Under Pompey. 

17. In the 70th year after Christ, Jerusalem was 
taken by the Romans under Titus and utterly destroy- 
ed, according to the prediction of our Saviour ; and 
since that event the Jews have been dispersed through- 
out all parts of the world. 

EGYPT. 

1. Egypt holds a conspicuous place among ancient 
countries, on a,ccount of its great antiquity and early 
attainments in the arts. But little is known, however, 
of its ancient history, as the works of no early Egyptian 
historian are now extant. 

2. This country is celebrated for the remains of va- 
rious monuments of antiquity, as the Pyr'amids, Oh'e- 
lisks, CaVacombs, the ruins of temples and cities, par- 
ticularly of Thebes; but it is not known when these 
magnificent works were constructed 

3. Me nes, supposed to be the same as Miz'raim, the 
son of Ham, is said to have founded the Egyptian mon- 
archy, and to have been succeeded in the throne by his 
posterity, for many generations. 

4. The second race of ;Ogygtian sovereigns consisted 
of the Shepherd Kings, who are said to have governed 
the kingdom for some centuries. 

5. After the Shepherd Kings, the princes of the 
house of the Pharaohs possessed the throne till Cam- 
by' ses, king of Persia, conquered the country 525 B. C. 

16. What was their condition after their return ? 

17. What happened in the 70th year after Christ ? 

Questions. — Egypt. 
1. What is said of Egypt ? 2 For what is it celebrated ? 

3. By whom was the Egyptian monarchy founded ? 

4. What was the second race of Egyptian kings ? 

5. What race of sovereigns succeeded the Shepherd Kings ? 



THE PHGENICIANS, 



13 



6. The ancient Egyptians appear never to have been 
a warlike people. Sesos tris is the only king of the 
country whose name is recorded in history as a great 
conqueror ; but the time when he flourished is not well 
ascertained. 

7. Shi'shak is noted in history for having taken Jeru- 
salem in the time of Rehoboam ; and Pharaoh JVe'cho 
for having defeated king Josiah at Megid do. 

8. Alexander the Great conquered Egypt and added it 
to his empire ; after his death it fell to the share of 
Ptolemy Lagus, one of his generals, and the first of the 
family of the P^o^ emies. 

9. During the reign of Ptolemy Lagus, and that of his 
son and saccessorPtoiemyPhiladeUphus, 'Egypt legSiin- 
ed her ancient lustre, and rose to a height, in science 
and commerce, which no other part of the world then 
equalled. 

10. The kingdom continued to be governed by the 
Ptol'emies nearly three centuries, till, during the reign 
of the celebrated Cleopatra, the country was conquered 
by the Romans, and reduced to a province of the Roman 
Empire. 

THE PHCENICIANS. 

1. The PhcRni'cians were among the most early civil- 
ized nations. 

2. Their principal cities. Tyre and Sidon, were two 
of the most ancient we read of in history. 

3. The invention of letters has been ascribed by some 
to the Phoenicians, and by others to the Egyptians ; and 
Cad'mus, a Phoenician, is said to have first carried let- 
ters into Greece. 

6. Were the ancient Egyptians a warlike people ? 

7. What is said of Shisiiak and Pharoah Necbo ? 
8 Who conquered Egypt ? 

9. What was the state of Egypt under Ftolemy Lagus and 

Ptolemy Philadelphus ? 

10. How long was Egypt governed by the Ptolemies ? 

Questions. — The Ph(enicians. 

1. What is said of the Phoenicians ? 

2. What is related of their two chief cities ? 

3. What invention is ascribed to the Phceniuians ? 



14 ASSYRIA AND BABYLON. 

ASSYRIA AND BABYLON. 

1. Assyr'ia or Babylon formed the first of the four 
great empires of antiquity ; but its history is involved in 
obscurity. 

2. The empire of Assyria derived its name from 
JJsh/ur, the son of Shem, and the reputed founder of 
JVin'eveh, its chief city. 

3. The foundation of the city of Babylon is ascribed 
to JVimrod, the grandson of Ham. 

4. Assyria and Babylon, at some periods, formed two 
separate sovereignties, and at others only one. 

5. Ni'nus and Semir amis are the hero and the hero- 
ine of the Assyrian and Babylonian chronicles ; but the 
time when they flourished is not well ascertained, and 
the account given of them appears to partake more of 
fable than of credible history. 

6. After the death of king Sardanapa'lus, an infamous 
voluptuary, the empire was formed into three monar- 
chies, Assyria, Babylon, and Media. 

7. Assyria and Babylon were united into one empire 
601 B. C. under the famous JVebuchadnez'zar, who car- 
ried tae Jews into captivity. 

8. During the reign of ^eMaz'zar, the Persians un- 
der Cyrus, after a siege of two years, having turned the 
course of the river Euphra'tes, entered the city through 
the dried channel, took it while the inhabitants were 
engaged in feasting and riot, and put an end to the 
empire. 

(Questions. — Assyria and babylon. 

1. What is said of Assyria and Babylon ? 

2. From whom did Assyria derive its name ? 

3. By whom was Babylon founded ? 

4. Did Assyria and Babylon form separate sovereignties ? 

5. What is said of JNinus and Semiramis ? 

6. What took place after the death of Sandanapalus r 

7. Under whom were Assyria and Babylon united ? 

8. What took place during the reign of Belshazzar ? 



PERSIA. 15 

PERSIA. 

1. Persia formed the second great empire of antiquity ; 
but its history, like that of Assyria, is involved in much 
obscurity - 

2. In the earlier ages it was of comparatively small 
extent, but under the reign of Cy'rus, who was the 
founder of the great Persian empire, it became far the 
most extensive and powerful sovereignty in the world. 

3. It comprised Persia, Media, Parthia, Assyria or 
Babylonia, Syria, and Asia Minor ; and to these Egypt 
was added by Camhy ses, who succeeded Cyrus. 

4. During the reign of Dari'us, the Persians first in- 
vaded Greece, and were defeated at the memorable bat- 
tle of Mar athon, 

5. From the time of this invasion the history of Per- 
sia is much connected with that of Greece, till the final 
overthrow of the monarchy by Alexander the Greatf 
330 B. C. 

Questions. — Persia. 

1. What is said of Persia ? 

2. What was its early condition, and who founded the em- 

pire ? 

3. What countries did it comprise ? 

4. What took place during the reign of Darius ? 

5. What is said of the subsequent history of Persia ? 



GREECE. 

Section I. 



From the earliest Accounts of the Country to the first Per- 
sian War, 490 B. C. 



1. Greece, the most celebrated country of antiquity, 
was of small extent, and exclusive of Macedonia and 
Epirus, which are sometimes considered as belonging 
to it, scarcely exceeded, in size, the half of the state of 
New- York. 

2. Greece comprised numerous small independent 
states, which, during- the most flourishing period of their 
history, were, for the most part, under republican forms 
of government. 

3. The inhabitants were renowned for their heroism 
and love of liberty ; and were distinguished, above all 
other ancient nations for their genius, taste, learning, 
and attainments in the arts ; and they have been the 
teachers of all succeedmg ages. 

4. The history of Greece is distinguished into two 
general divisions ; 1st, The period of uncertain history, 
extending from the earliest accounts of the country to 
the first war with Persia ; 2d, The period of authentic 
history, extending from the invasion by the Persians to 
the final subjugation of Greece by the Romans. 

5. The first division, according to the commonly re- 
ceived chronology, reckoning from the foundation of 

(Questions. — Greece. Section I, 

1. What is said of the extent of Greece ? 

2. What did Greece comprise ? 

3. For what were the inhabitants distinguished ? 

4. How may the history of Greece be divided ? 

5. What does the first division comprise ? 



GREECE. 17 

Sip'yon, the most ancient state in Greece, comprises 
about 1,600 years. 

6. Of this long succession of ages, little is known 
with certainty That portion of it, which preceded the 
Trojan war, is buried in almost utter darkness ; and the 
part subsequent to that event, is involved in obscurity 
and fable. 

7. At an early period of the history of the country, 
were instituted the Olympic, Isthmian, Pythian, and 
JVemean games, which were frequented by people from 
all the different parts, and were celebrated, not only by 
various athletic exercises, but also by contests between 
poets, orators, artists, &c. 

8. The different states were united, at a remote pe- 
riod, in a confederacy by the council of the Amphic tyons, 
which was composed of deputies from the states, and 
usually met twice a year. s 

9. The first great enterprise recorded of the Greeks, 
was the Argonautic expedition, the account of which 
appears to partake more of fable than history. 

10. The Ar'gonauts are said to have sailed from 
lol'chos, in Greece, to Col chis, for the purpose of re- 
covering the golden fleece of a ram which originally be- 
longed to their country. 

11. They were commanded by Jason, who was ac- 
companied by Hercules, Theseus, Cas tor, Pol'lux, and 
other heroes. ^ 

12. The most celebrated subject in this part of the his- 
tory of Greece, is the Trojan war, which rests wholly 
on the authority of Homer, and forms the subject of his 
great poem, the Iliad. 

13. According to Homer, Par'is the son of Pri'am, 

6. What is said of this long period ? 

7 What games were instituted at an early period ? 

8. How were the different states united ? 

9. What was the first great enterprise of the Greeks ? 

10. What was the design of this enterprise ? 

11. By whom were the Argonauts commanded ? 

12. What is the most celebrated subject in the early history 

of the Greeks ? 

13. W^hat was the cause of the Trojan war ? 



18 GREECE. J 

king of Troy, visited Tyn'darus, king of Sparta, and 
persuaded his wife Helen, the most beautiful woman of 
her age, to elope with him to Troy. This was the 
cause of the war. 

14. All the Grecian princes united to avenge the out- 
rage. Agamem'non, king of Argos, was chosen com- 
mander in chief; and among the other commanders 
were Achilles, A'jax, Menelaus, and Ulysses. 

15. After a siege of ten years, the city was taken by 
stratagem and burnt to the ground. Pri'am and his 
son Hector, who commanded the Trojans, were slain, 
and an end was put to the kingdom. 

16. The two leading states of Greece were Ath'ens 
and Sparta ; the latter distinguished for military valour 
and discipline ; the former for literature and the arts. 

17. The different characters and habits of these two 
states were formed, in a great degree, by the institu- 
tions of their respective legislators, ii/mrgws of Sparta, 
and Solon of Athens. 

18. Before the time of Lycurgus, Sparta, called also 
LacedcB mon, had long heen under the government of a 
double monarchy, two kings reigning jointly with equal 
authority. 

19. Lycurgus is said to have wrought an entire 
change not only in the form of government, but also in 
the manners of the people. 

20. He instituted a senate of 28 members, and abridg- 
ed the authority of the kings, who were made merely 
the presiding officers of the senate, and the generals of 
the republic. 

21. His institutions were adapted to form a nation of 

14. Who commanded in this war? 

15. What was the result of the war ? 

16. What were the two leading states of Greece ? 

17. How were the different characters and habits of these 

states formed? 

18. What was the government of Sparta before the time of 

Lycurcus ? 

19. What changes did Lycurgus effect ? 

20. What did he institute ? 

21. What were his institutions adapted to form ? 



GREECE. 19 

soldiers ; and ivar was considered by the Spartans the 
great business of life. 

22. The severer virtues, patriotism, public spirit, cour- 
age, fortitude, and contempt of danger, suffering, and 
death, were cherished ; while all the softer virtues and 
domestic affections were disregarded. 

23. Commerce and the use of gold and silver were 
prohibited ; distinction of dress abolished ; and all the 
citizens, not excepting even the kings, were required 
to eat at public tables, and subsist on coarse and frugal 
fare. 

24. Children that were well formed were all educated 
in the public schools, on the same plan, for the service 
of the state, and were early inured to hardship. Those 
that were deformed or sickly were suffered to perish. 

25. Letters were taught for use, but not for ornament ; 
and the Spartans, though a shrewd and sagacious peo- 
ple, were never distinguished for learning. 

26. Afler the abolition of the regal government in 
Athens, the state was governed by nine magistrates 
called archons. The office was at first for life ; after- 
ward for a period of ten years ; and at last it became 
annual. 

27. The first code of written laws which the Atheni- 
ans possessed, was prepared by Co'drus. These laws 
punished all crimes with death, and on account of their 
severe and sanguinary character, are said to have been 
written in blood. 

28. The celebrated So'lon, one of the seven wise 
men of Greece, being raised to the archonship, was en- 
trusted with the care of forming a new system of laws. 

29. His disposition was mild, and he did not, like Ly- 

22. What virtues were cherished ? 

23. What were some of his other regulations ? 

24. What was his regulation respecting children ? 

25. Was literature encouraged r 

26. What is said of the government of Athens ? 

27. Who formed the first written laws of Athens, and what 

is said of them ? 

28. Who was afterward employed to form a new code ? 

29. What is said of Solon ? 



9J) 



GREECE. 



curgus, attempt to operate an entire change in the 
character of his countrymen, but accommodated his sys- 
tem to their habits and desires. 

30. He vested the supreme power in an assemhly of 
the people, composed of the freemen, whose age ex- 
ceeded 30 years. He instituted a senate or council of 
400, afterward increased to 500, ami divided the people 
into four classes, according to their wealth. 

31. He restored the Areop'aq^us, which was the most 
distinguished and venerable court of justice in ancient 
times. 

32. Its name, which signifies Mars' Hill, was taken 
from the place where it was held. 

33. Solon encouraged agriculture, commerce, and the 
arts, and established excellent rules of justice and order ; 
9,nd his code has formed the basis of many subsequent 
systems of legislation. 

34. The Athenians and Spartans differed in their cha- 
racter and manners, according to the difference of their 
institutions. In Athena the arts were in the highest 
esteem ; in Sparta they were despised : in the latter, 
war was the natural state of society ; in the former, 
peace, 

35. An Athenian was characterized by luxury ; a 
Spartan by frugality: the virtues of the latter w^ere 
more severe ; those of the former more agreeable. They 
were both, however, equally jealous of liberty, and 
equally brave in war. 

36. Before the death of Solon, Pisis'tratus, a wealthy 
and ambitious citizen contrived to raise himself to the 
supreme power in Athens, which he and his two sons 
retained for 50 years, and exercised a splendid rule. 

37. But Hip'pias and Hippar'chus, the sons of Pisis'tra- 
tus, called the PisisiTafidce, becoming odious, were 

30. [n what did he vest the supreme power ? 

31. What court of justice did be restore ? 

32. What does its name signify ? 

33. What did Solon encourage ? 

34. How did the Athenians and Spartans differ ? 
85. How were they respectively characterized ? 

36. What took place before the"^ death of Solon ? 

37. What was the fate of the Pisistratidse ? 



GREECE. 21 

dethroned by Harmo'dius and Arisiogi' ton. Hipparchus 
was slain, and Hippias fled to Darius, king of Persia, 
who was then meditating the conquest of Greece. 



Section II. 

From the first Persian invasion, 490 B, C, to Philip of 
Macedon, 360 B. C. 

1. The period during the Persian wars is esteemed 
the most glorious age of Greece. The series of vic- 
tories which the Greeks obtained over the Persians, are 
some of the most splendid recorded in history. 

2. But it may be remarked that the histories which 
we possess of these wslts, were written by Greek au- 
thors, who are supposed to have exaggerated in many 
instances, especially where the honour of their own 
country is concerned. 

3. Persia was at this time under the government of 
Dari'us, in the height of prosperity, and far the most 
powerful empire in the world. 

4. Darius had taken offence against the Athenians 
for their assisting the Greek colonies of Asia Minor in 
an attempt to throw off the Persian yoke, and he medi- 
tated the entire conquest of Greece. In this design he 
was encouraged and assisted by the exiled tyrant Hip- ' 
pias. 

5. A Persian army, stated at 110,000 men, invaded the 
country, and was met on the plains of Mar'athon, by the 
Athenian army of 10,000, under the command of Mil^ 
ti'ades, who gained a complete victory, and drove the 
invaders to their ships. 

6. The loss of the Persians in this battle is stated at 
6,300; that of the Athenians only 192. 

Questions. — Greece. Section IF. 

1. What is said of the period during the Persian wars ? 

2. What is observed respecting the histories of these wars? 

3. What was the state of the Persian empire at this time ? 

4. How had the Athenians otFended Darius ? 

5. What is said respecting the battle of Marathon ? 
^. What loss was sustained on each side ? 



22 GREECE. 

7. The death of Darius and other circumstances oc- 
casioned the war to be discontinued for several years ; 
but it was at length renewed by Xerxes, the young Per- 
sian monarch, with great zeal and extraordinary prepa- 
ration. 

8. According to Herod'otus, the number of fighting 
men in the army and fleet of Xerxes, was upwards of 
2,000,000, and including the retinue of sutlers, slaves, 
and women, the whole multitude exceeded 5,000,000. 

9. In resisting the invading enemy, the Athenians, 
under the command of Themis' tocleSy took the lead. 

10. Leon'idas, king of Sparta, with 300 Spartans, un- 
dertook the defence of the narrow pass or defile of 
Thermop'ylcB. After having effectally resisted the Per- 
sian army for two days, a by-path was discovered, 
which rendered the defence of the pass impossible. 

11. Leonidas and his little band, seeing that their 
case was desperate, resolved to sell their lives at the 
dearest rate, fell upon the enemy with the greatest fu- 
ry, and after having made dreadful slaughter, were all 
cut oflT. 

12. The Persians now poured down upon Attica, rav- 
aging the country with fire and sword. The Athenians 
abandoned their city to be pillaged and burnt by the 
enemy, and betook themselves to their fleet. 

13. A great naval battle v/as soon after fought in the 
straits of Sal'amis, between the Persian fleet of 1200 
galleys, and that of the Greeks of 300, under the com- 
mand of Themis' tocles. 

14. The Persians were defeated with immense loss, 
and the king, terrified at the result, fled precipitately to 
his own dominions. 

15. Mardo'nius was left with 300,000 Persians to 

7. What took place after this invasion ? 

8. With what numbers is Xerxes said to have invaded 

Greece ? 

9. Which of the Grecian states took the lead in this war? 

10. What is said of the conflict at Thermopylae ? 

11. What v/as the final issue of it? 

12. What transaciions next followed? 

13. What great battle was afterward fought ? 

14. What was the result of it? 

15. What took place the following season ? 



GREECE 



23 



complete the conquest of Greece ; and in the following 
season he was defeated and slain atPlatos'a by the Atheni- 
ans and Spartans under Aristi'des and Pausa'nias, the 
Persian army being almost annihilated. 

16. On the same day of the great victory at Platm'a, 
the Greeks engaged and destroyed the Persian fleet at 
Myc'-a-le. 

17. The Persian army was now completely destroyed, 
and Xerxes, frustrated in his schemes, soon came to his 
end by assassination, and was succeeded by Artaxerx'es 
Longim'anus. 

18. The Greeks now became the assailants and in- 
vaders, and undertook to liberate from the Persian yoke 
the Greek colonies of Asia Minor. 

19. Ci'mon, w^ho succeeded to the comm^and of the 
Greek army, attacked and totally destroyed the Persian 
fleet of 300 sail ; and landing in Cili'cia, completed his 
triumph by defeating an army of 300,000 Persians on 
the Eurym'edon. 

20. Artaxerxes now sued for peace, which was grant- 
ed on condition that he should give freedom to all the 
Grecian cities in Asia, and that the Persian fleets should 
not approach the coasts of Greece. 

21. After the termination of this war with Persia, 
the martial and patriotic spirit among the Greeks 
began to decline, and their character became cor- 
rupted by the introduction of a relish for Asiatic man- 
ners and luxuries. 

22. Literature and the arts, however, w^ere cultivated 
in Athens with great success, and the age of Per'icles, 
who now, for about 40 years, was at the head of the 
government, was the era of the highest internal splen- 
dour and magnificence of Greece. 



16. What other event took place on the same day ? 

17. What was now the state of the Persian affairs ? 

18. What measures did the Greeks adopt ? 

19. What achievement did Cimon accomplish ? 

20. On what terms was peace restored t 

21. What change took place with regard to the Greeks ^ 

22. What is said of the age of Pericles ? 

b2 



24 



GREECE. 



23. Before the death of Per'icles, commenced the Pe- 
loponne'sian ivar, which lasted 27 years, and was the 
most calamitous and most celebrated war, ever carried 
on by the Grecian states with each other. 

24. This bloody contest grew out of the long continued 
rivalship between Athens and Sparta. These two states 
took the lead on the opposite sides, each being assisted 
by some other states. 

25. The contest partook in a great degree of the 
character of a civil war, and though it raged in the most 
enlightened period of Grecian history, it was carried on 
in spirit of savage ferocity rarely exhibited among civil- 
ized nations. 

26. Each party having in turn suffered severe loss- 
es, at length the Spartans, under Lysan'der, utterly de- 
feated the Athenian fleet at iG'g-05 Poi'amos, and Athens 
was compelled to accept humiliating terms of peace. 

27. Thus the Peloponnesian war terminated in hum- 
bling Athens, and in rendering Sparta the leading 
power in Greece. 

28. Lysander abolished the popular government in 
Athens, and substituted, in its place, 30 magistrates, 
whose power was absolute, and who, on account of 
their oppressive acts, were styled the Thirty Tyrants. 

29. But before they had completed a year in the ex- 
ercise of their authority, they were expelled by Aristo- 
bu'lus, at the head of a band of patriots. 

30. Three years after the expulsion of the Thirty 
Tyrants, the illustrious philosopher Socrates was ac- 
cused of corrupting the youth, and condemned by the 
assembly of Athens to die by poison. The trial and 
execution of this great man form one of the most in- 
teresting and affecting portions of Grecian history. 

23. What war commenced before the death of Pericles? 

24. What occasioned the Peloponnesian war ? 

25. What is said of this war ? 

26. What waG the progress of the war ? 

27. How did it terniinate .'' 

28. What change d'd L^/sander make in the government of 

29. What was the fate of the Thirty Tyrants ? 

30. What is said of the philpsopher Socrates ? 



GREECE. 25 

31. Athens and Sparta having been for some time 
declining, Thebes, at length, emerging from obscurity, 
rose, for a short period, to be the most powerful state in 
Greece. 

32. A war between Thebes and Sparta troke out, and 
the Spartans suffered a signal defeat in the battle of 
Leuc'tra, by the Thebans under Epaminon'das and 
Pelop'idas. 

33. Epaminondas, afterward, obtained another great 
victory over the Spartans at Mantine'a, where he fell 
mortally wounded. 

34. After the battle of Mantine'a, peace was restored : 
but the Grecian states had now been for some time on 
the decline, the inhabitants having greatly degenerated 
from the patriotism and valour of their ancestors. 

Section III. 

From the accession of Philip, 360 B. C, to the conquest 
of Greece by the Romans, 146 B. C 

1. The kingdom of Macedon or Macedonia had already 
existed upwards of 400 years, but it had not risen to 
any considerable eminence ; it had formed no part of the 
Greek confederacy ; had had no voice in the Amphicty- 
onic council ; and though the inhabitants were of the 
same origin as the Greeks, they were considered by Jhe 
latter as barbarians. 

2. The Macedonian Empire, which was commenced 
by Philip and completed by Alexander^ formed the 
third f^reat empire of antiquity. 

3. It is sometimes called the Grecian Empire, because 

31. What Grecian state rose now to the highest distinction ? 

32. What is said of the war between Thebes and Sparta? 

33. What other great victory did Epaminondas gain? 

34. What afterward took place, and what was the state of 

Greece ? 

Questions. — Greece. Section III. 

1. What is said of the kingdom of Macedon ? 

2. What is said of the Macedonian Empire ? 

3. Whv is it sometimes called the Grecian Empire I 

b3 



20 GREECE. 

Greece, in its most extensive sense, included Macedonia^ 
and because all Greece was subject to Philip and Alex- 
ander, 

4. Philip possessed great military and political talents, 
and after having" ascended the throne of Macedon, he 
formed the design of bringing all Greece under his do- 
minion ; and for this end he cherished dissensions among 
the different states. 

5. The Pho'cians having ploughed a piece of ground 
sacred to Apollo, a war was excited against them, styled 
the sacred loar, in which most of the states of Greece 
took a part. 

6. Philip interposed in the contest, concluded the war, 
and procured himself to be elected a member of the 
Amphictyon'ic council, and was afterwards styled the 
Amphictyonic general. 

7. A second sacred war broke out against the Lo'crians,. 
and was terminated by the battle of Chaerone'a, in 
which Philip gained a decisive victory, and secured to 
himself the entire ascendancy in Greece. 

8. Philip next projected the conquest of Persia, and 
for this purpose procured himself to be elected, by a 
council of the states of Greece, their generalissimo ; but 
just before he was ready for his departure on this expe- 
dition, he was assassinated by a captain of his guards.. 

9. Philip was succeeded by his son, Alexander the 
Great, who had been educated by the celebrated phi- 
losopher Ar'istotle, and ascended the throne at the age 
of 20 years. 

10. Demos'thenes, the great Grecian orator, who had 
endeavoured to rouse his countrymen against Philip, re- 
newed his efforts to persuade them to unite against his 
successor; but the young king soon compelled the 
Greeks to submission. 

11. Alexander then assembled the deputies of the 

4. What is said of Philip ? 

5. What caused the first Sacred war ? 

6. What measure did Philip adopt ? 

7. How did the second Sacred war terminate ? 

8. What course did Philip then take ? 

9. By whom was he succeeded ? 

10, What took place at the commencement of his reign '■ 

11. What was Alexander's nest step ? 



different states at Corinth, renewed the proposal of in- 
vading and conquering Persia, and was appointed, as 
his father had been, generalissimo. 

12. With an army of 30,000 foot and 5,000 horse, and 
provisions for only a single month, he crossed the Hel les- 
pont, in order, with means apparently so inadequate, to 
accomplish the arduous enterprise. 

13. Darius Codom'anus, the king of Persia, with an 
army of 100,000 foot and 20,000 horse, met Alexander 
on the hanks of the small river Grani'cus. Here a se- 
vere battle was fought, in which the Persians were de- 
feated with a loss stated at 22,000 men, while Alexander 
lost only 34. 

14. This victory put Alexander in possession of the 
Tich city of Sar'dis ; and he soon after took Miletus, 
Halicarnas'sus, and other important cities. 

15. In the following spring was fought the great bat- 
tle of Is'sus, in which the Persian army, stated at 
600,000 men, was defeated with the loss of 110,000; 
while the Macedonians lost only 450. 

16. Alexander next besieged and took the rich com- 
mercial city of Tyre, and afterward Gaza. 

17. He then proceeded to Egypt, which was subject 
to Persia, but it readily submitted to his authority ; and 
while there he founded the famous city o? Alexandria. 

18. Having returned from Egypt and crossed the 
Euphrates, with an army of nearly 50,000 men, he fought 
the tremendous battle of Arbela. 

19. The number of the Persians in this battle is 
stated at 700,000, and their loss at 300,000, while Alex- 
ander lost only about 500. 

20. This great battle decided the fate of Persia, 



12. With what force did he cross the Hellespont? 

13. What event next followed? 

14. What cities did Alexander get possession of ? 

15. What battle was fought in the following spring? 

16. What cities were then besieged and taken ? 

17. What was his next course ? 

18. What took place after his return from Egypt. 

19. What were the losses in this battle ? 

20. What was the consequence of it ? 

b4 



28 



GREECE. 



which now submitted to the conqueror, and Darius was 
soon after murdered by one of his satraps. 

21. Alexandria next penetrated into India, and de- 
feated Po'rus, a sovereign of that country. He was 
projecting further achievements, when his soldiers, see- 
ing" no end to their toils, refused to proceed. 

22. He then returned with his army to Persep'olis, 
which he caused to be set on fire in a fit of phrenzy. 
Thence proceeding to Babylon, he there indulged him- 
self in the greatest excesses, and died suddenly of a 
fever brought on by excessive drinking, in the 13th 
year of his reign, and the 33d of his age. 

23. Alexander was the most renowned hero of an- 
tiquity, surpassing all others in the rapidity, .extent, and 
splendour of his conquests. He possessed military tal- 
ents of the highest order, but his vanity was excessive, 
and his ambition unbounded. 

24. He was fond of learning ; his disposition was 
frank and generous, and in the early part of his career, 
he was distinguished for self-government; but at length, 
being intoxicated by success, he gave himself up to the 
most excessive indulgence, and to acts of the most atro- 
cious cruelty and ingratitude. 

2.5. His history shows how easily uninterrupted suc- 
cess degrades the character and corrupts the heart ; 
and how necessary disappointments and misfortunes are 
to teach us moderation, justice, and humanity. 

26. Alexander named no successor; and his death 
was followed by various changes, intrigues, massacres, 
and wars, which resulted in ttie total extirpation of his 
family ; and after the famous battle oP Ipsus, in a divi- 
sion of his empire into four monarchies, under four of 
his generals. 

27. These four monarchies consisted of Macedonia 
under Cassan'der, Thrace under Lysim'achus, Syria un- 
der Seleu'cus, and Egypt under PtoL'emy Lagus. 

21. Wnat was Alexander's next victory ? 

22. What was his subsequent course and fate ? 

23. What is said of Alexander ? 24. What further ? 
25. What does his history show .' 

2f). What took place after his death ? 
27, What were the four monarchies r 



GREECE. 29 

28. The kingdom of Thrace, which included also 
Bithynia, lasted only 22 years, at the end of which pe- 
riod Lysim'achus was defeated and slain by Seleucus. 

29. The kingdom of Macedonia continued till the 
battle of Pydna, when the Macedonians, under their king 
Perseus, were defeated and subdued by the Romans. 

30. The kingdom of Syria was a vast empire includ- 
ing most of Alexander's conquests in Asia. It continu- 
ed under the sceptre of Seleu'cus and his descendants, 
styled the Seleu'cidce, till 64 B. C, when it was conquered 
by the Romans under Pompey. 

31. The kingdom of Egypt flourished greatly under 
Ptol'emy Lagus and his son Ptol'emy Philadel'phus. 
The Ptolemies continued in possession of the throne till 
the battle of Ac'tium when Cleopa'tra was defeated by 
Augustus, the Roman emperor. 

32. After the death of Alexander, the Grecian states 
made an effort to regain their independence ; and their 
history, from this period to their final conquest by the 
Romans, is characterized by turbulence, degeneracy, 
revolutions, and ineffectual struggles for liberty. 

33. The last effort for maintaining their liberty and 
independence, was made by a confederacy styled the 
Achce'an League, which was formed by 12 small cities of 
Peloponne'sus, and afterward embraced most of the 
states. 

34. But the Romans, who had now become the most 
powerful nation in the world, made war against this 
confederacy, defeated the Achaean army, took and de- 
stroyed the city of Cor'inth, and made a complete con- 
quest of the country. 

35. The whole of Greece was then reduced to a Ro- 
man province, under the name ' of Acha'ia, and it never 
again recovered its independence. 

28. What is said of the kingdom of Thrace ? 

29. Macedon ? 30. Syria ? 31. Egypt ? 

32. What is said of the Grecian stales after Alexander's 

death .? 

33. By what was the last effort made for liberty and inde- 

pendence ? 

34. What was the result ? 

35. What was the final fate of Greece ? 



30 CHART OF ANCIENT CHRONOLOGY. 

CHART OF ANCIENT CHRONOLOGY. 

Chart JVo. II. 
Explanations. 

1. The Chart of Ancient Chronology extends from the 
year 800 before Christ, to the year 800 after Christ. 

2. To ascertain the date of any event mentioned on 
this Chart, add the figures connected with the event to 
the century below, if before Christ, and to the century 
above, if after Christ. Thus it appears that Solon form- 
ed his code of laws for Athens 594 B. C, and that the 
Cou ncil of JVice was held 325 after Christ. 

3. The figures on the left hand of the kings and em- 
perors denote the commencement of their reigns ; and 
the figures on the right hand of the Illustrious Men in 
the last column, the time of their death. Thus it ap- 
pears that Romulus began to reign 753 B. C, and Tra- 
jan A. D. 98 ; that Cicero died 43 B. C, and Mahomet 
A. D. 636. 

4. The small figures on the right hand of the Ro- 
man emperors denote the ordinal number of the empe- 
rors ■; thus Augustus was the 1st emperor, Constantine 
the Great, the 42d, and Romulus Augustulus the 59th. 
The names of some of the emperors are necessarily 
omitted for want of room. 

Questions on the Chart relating to Grecian History. 

1. What events in Grecian History in the 6th century are 

mentioned ? 

2. What events in the 7th century ? 

3. Who were the seven wise men of Greece ? 

4. When did Solon form his code of laws ? 

5. WMiat is said of Pisistratus and his sons ? 

6. What public men are enumerated in the 6th century r 

7. When did the Persian war commence ? 

8. What victories were gained in it, and by whom ? 

9. When was the last one (that of Ci'mon) gained I 

10. When did the Peloponnesian war begin and end ? 

11. What did Lysander accomplish ? 

12. When were the Thirty Tyrants expelled ? 



CHART OF AINCIENT CHRONOLOGY. 31 

13. What was the state of Grecian literature at this time ? 

14. What public men flourished in this (5th) century ? 

15. When did the Theban war commence ? 

16. What victories did Epaminondas gain ? 

17. When did the first sacred war commence ? 

18. When did Philip gain the victory of Chasronea? 

19. What great victories did Alexander gain ? 

20. When did he gain the first, that of Granicus? 

21. When and where did he die? 

22. When was the battle of Ipsus fought.'' 

23. What followed the battle of Ipsus ? 

24. What public men are enumerated in ihh (the 4th) cen^ 

tury ? 

25. When did the Achajan and vEtolian leagues commence ? 

26. What other events in Greece took place in the 3d cen- 

tury ? 

27. When was Philip, king of Macedonia, defeated at Cy- 

noceph'ale ? 

28. When was Perseus defeated at Pydna, and Macedonia 

reduced to a Roman province ? 

29. When was Greece reduced to a Roman province ? 

30. What was the subsequent state of Greece ? 



ROME. 

Section I. 



From the Foundation of Rome., 753 B. C, to the Conquest 
of Italy, 266 B. C. 

1. The Roman Empire was the last and much the 
most pov/erful of the four great empires of antiquity. 

2. It rose gradually from small beginnings^to almost 
universal dominion ; and its history, during several cen- 
turies, em.braces the history of most of the then known 
world. 

3. The city of Rome is said to have received both its 
foundation and its name from Roni'ulus, its first king, 
who made it an asylum for fugitives, established the 
government, and divided the people into two classes, 
patri'cians,or the nobility, Oind pkbe^ians, or the common 
people. 

4. The regal government continued 244 years, during 
the reigns of seven kings. 

5. Tarquin the Proud, the last of the seven kings, 
was, on account of his own tyranny, and the crimes of 
his son Sextus, banished by the exertions of Collati'nus 
and Bru'tus. 

6. A republican form of government was then estab- 
lished, at the the head of which were two magistrates, 
styled consuls, elected annually from the patricians. 

Questions. — Rome. Section I. 

1. What is said of the Roman Empire ? 

2. What is said of its rise and extent ? 

3. By whom was Rome founded, &:c. ? 

4. How long did the regal government continue ? 

5. What is related of Tarquin the Proud ? 

6. What sort of government was then established ? 



ROME. 33 

7. For several years after the abolition of the regal 
government, the Romans were involved in war with the 
Tarquins, who were assisted by Porsen'na, king of the 
Etrurians, but were, at length, utterly defeated. 

8. After the death of the Tarquins, Rome was great- 
ly disturbed by contests between the patricians and 
plebeians. The latter feeling themselves oppressed, 
withdrew in a body, and encamped on Mans Sacer, 
about three miles from the city. 

9. A reconciliation was brought about between the 
two orders, by the remission of the debts of the plebe- 
ians, and by their being permitted to choose annually 
from their own order, magistrates, styled trib'unes^ who 
should have the power to annul, by a single veto, every 
measure which they should judge injurious to their in- 
terest. 

10. The number of tribunes was, at first, Jive ; after- 
ward ten. 

11. The Romans having hitherto possessed no body 
of written laws, three commissioners were sent to 
Greece, in order to procure the laws of Solon and such 
others as were deemed useful in forming a suitable 
code. 

12. After the return of the commissioners, ten men, 
styled the Decem'viri, were appointed to digest a body 
of laws, and put them in execution for one year; and 
these men formed the celebrated statutes of the Twelve 
Tables. 

13. The Decemviri governed with so much modera- 
tion the first year, that they obtained a new appoint- 
ment ; but at length some atrocious acts of Jlp'pius 
Clau'dius the leading member of their body, caused a 
speedy termination of their office, and the consuls were 
again restored. 

7. What war were the Romans next involved in ? 

8. What contest followed after the death of the Tarquins ? 

9. How was a reconciliation brought about ? 

10. What was tfte number of the tribunes ? 

11. What measures were taken to procure a code of laws ? 

12. What was done after the return of the commissioners ? 

13. What is further related of the Decemviri ^ 



34 ROME. 

14. The Gauls, a barbarous and warlike people, un- 
der their king Bren'nus, invaded Italy, and defeated the 
Romans on the banks of the rivulet Al'lia, and after- 
ward massacred a great many of the inhabitants of 
Rome, and laid the city in ashes. 

15. According to the Roman writers, all the monu- 
ments and records of their early history were then de- 
stroyed by the burning of the city. 

16. The two great barriers which continued to sepa- 
rate the patricians and plebeians, were the prohibition 
of intermarriage, and the limitation of the office of con- 
suls to the patricians. 

17. After long and spirited contests, both of these 
laws were repealed, and an equality of rights was 
established between the two orders. 

18. The Romans, having already subdued some neigh- 
bouring cities and tribes of people, at length entered on 
a more extended system of conquest. 

19. They turned their arms against the Sam'nites, 
who were a hardy race of mountaineers in the south of 
Italy, and wlio, after a spirited contest of upwards of 50 
years, were finally subdued. 

20. They afterward engaged in a war with the Ta- 
ren'tines, who had been the allies of the Samnites, and 
who were aided by the great warrior Pyr'rhus, king of 
Epi'rus. 

21. The contest was severe, but the Romans were 
finally victorious, and became masters of all Loiver Italy. 



14. What is related of the Gauls ? 

15. What was destroyed in the burning of the city ? 

1^. What were the barriers between the patricians and ple- 
beians .'' 

17. What was the final result of the contests between them ? 

18. What course did the Romans pursue after having sub- 

dued the neighbouring cities ? 

19. Against whom did they turn their arms ? 

20. With whom were they next engaged in war ? 

21. What was the issue of the contest ? 



35 



Section II. 



From the Conquest of Italy to the First Triumvirate ; — 
from 2m to 60 B. C. 

1. Carthage was, at this period, the most formidable 
rival of Rome, and the greatest maritime power in the 
world, possessing a sway over the island of Sicily, and 
most of the commercial towns in the Mediterranean. 

2. The Romans were now eager to extend their con- 
quests into foreign countries, but they had hitherto made 
no naval conquests, and possessed no fleet. 

3. A war (called the first Punic war) having broken 
out between the Carthaginians and Romans, the latter 
soon furnished themselves with a fleet, and obtained two 
important naval victories. 

4. Reg'ulus, with a Roman army, landed on the coast 
of Africa, and defeated the Carthaginians, but was af- 
terward entirely defeated himself, taken prisoner, and 
put to death. 

5. The war continued to rage during several years 
with various success j but it finally terminated unfavour- 
ably to the Carthaginians, who were compelled to ac- 
cept humiliating terms of peace, and to give up Sicily 
to the Romans. 

6. The second Punic war was commenced by the 
Carthaginians under the great warrior Han'nibal, who 
was the most formidable enemy that Rome ever expe- 
rienced. 

7. Han'nibal after having besieged and taken Sa- 
gun'tum, in Spain, led his army over the Pyi^enees and 

Questions. — Rome. Section 11. 

1. What was the state of Carthage at this tune ? 

2. Had the Ronians hitherto made any naval conquests? 

3. What did they accomplish after a war broke out witk 

the Carthaginians ? 

4. What is said of Regulus ? 

5. What was the final issue of the war? 

6. By whom was the second Punic war commenced ? 

7. What vietories did he gain ? 



36 ROME. 

the Mps, and gained four great victories, those of the 
Tici'nus, the Tre'hia, the Thrasyme'nus, and Can'nae. 

8. The defeat at Canncc was the most memorable 
that the Romans ever suffered ; more than 40,000 of 
their troops were left dead on the field. 

9. After these great victories the good fortune of 
Hannibal forsook him, and the Romans under Fa'bius 
and Marcel'lus, gained various advantages over the Car- 
thaginians in Italy and Sicily. 

10. A Roman army, under Scip'io Africa'nus, then 
passed over into Africa, and defeated the Carthaginians 
under Hannibal, in the famous battle of Za'ma ; and the 
latter were compelled to accept terms of peace still 
more humiliating than before. 

11. After the lapse of 50 years, a third Punic war 
was commenced through the strenuous exertions of 
Caio, the Censor^ with the express design of effecting 
the entire destruction of Carthage. 

12. The Carthaginians, conscious of their inability to 
defend themselves, offered every submission, but with 
no effect. Their city was besieged by a Roman army, 
and after the most desperate resistance, for three years, 
was taken by Scip'io, the second Jlfricanus, and laid in 



13. The same year in which this barbarous transac- 
tion took place, was signalized by the taking of Corinth 
by the Romans, and the reduction of Greece to a Roman 
province. 

14. Before the conquest of Greece, the Romans had 
been distinguished for temperance, severity of manners, 
and military enterprise ; but they were not as yet a lite- 
rary people. 

15. The arts and sciences were now introduced from 

8. What is said of the battle of Cannae ? 

9. Under whom did the Romans gain advantages over the 

Carthaginians? 

10. What was the further progress and the issue of the war ? 

11. What was the object of the third Punic war? 

12. What was the progress and issue of it ? 

13. What other conquests did the Romans make the same 

year ? 

14. For what had the Romans been hitherto distinguished ? 

15. What changes now took place ? 



HOME. 



37 



Greece, and at this period the manners of the people 
also began to be-corrupted by the introduction of foreign 
wealth and luxury. 

16. The arms of the Roman republic had been every 
where triumphant, and its power was now widely ex- 
tended ; but when there was no longer danger from, a 
foreign enemy, it began to be torn by various domes- 
tic factions, which continued till the dissolution of the 
commonwealth. 

17. The Romans made war against Jugurtha, who 
usurped the throne of JYumid'ia, and who was defeated 
by Ma'rius, taken prisoner, and led in chains to Rome. 

18. A few years after this, a war was commenced 
against Mithrida'tes, king of Pontus, one of the great- 
est generals of his age. 

19. This celebrated war lasted upwards of 20 years, 
and was successfully terminated by Pompey. 

20. Soon after the commencement of the Mithridat'ic 
war, a most sanguinary civil contest broke out betv/een 
Ma'rius and Sylla, in which as many as 150,000 Roman 
citizens were slain. 

21. Just after the conclusion of the Mithridatic war, 
the famous conspiracy of Cat'aline threatened the de- 
struction of Rome ; but it was crushed by the vigilance 
and energy of the consul Cic'ero, the great Roman orator. 

16. What was the slate of Rome when foreign dangers 

ceased ? 

17. In what war did they next engage ? 

18. What war next followed ? 

19. What was its continuance and issue ? 

20. What war broke out near the beginning of it ^ 

21. What took place soon after its termination ? 



38 ROME. 



Section III. 

From the Formation of the First Triumvirate^ 60 B. C, 
to the End of the Commonwealth, 31 B. C. 

1. Pompey, Crassus, and Ccesar, who were now the 
three most considerable men in Rome, formed the de- 
sign of appropriating to themselves the whole power of 
the state, and entered into the famous league, known 
by the name of the First Triumvirate. 

% They distributed among themselves the foreign 
provinces. Pompey received Spain and Africa, Crassus 
Syria, and Ccesar Gaul, most of which was yet uncon- 
quered. 

3. Pompey remained at home ; Crassus made war 
against the Parthians, and was killed in the battle of 
CarrcB ; and Ccesar proceeded to take possession of 
Gaul, where he had a most brilliant career of victory, in 
eight campaigns. 

4. Pompey and Csesar became jealous of each other ; 
each began to thwart the views of his rival, ajid to as- 
pire to undivided dominion. 

5. The term of Caesar's government being about to 
expire, the senate, at the instigation of Pompey, refused 
to prolong his authority, and decreed that he should lay 
down his government, and disband his forces. 

6. Csesar, finding his army devoted to his interests, 
resolved to maintain his authority by force of arms, and 
a civil war was the consequence. 

7. He led his troops over the Alps to Ravenna. Pro- 
ceeding thence, he passed the Ru'bicon, a small stream 
separating Italy from Cisal'pine Gaul, and forming the 
limits of his command. 

(Questions. — Rome. Section III. 

1. What is said of Pompey, Crassus, and Cjesar? 

2. How did they dispose of the provinces ? 

3. What was the course of each ? 

4. What is said of Pompey and Csesar ? 

5. What course did the Senate take ' 

6. What did Caesar resolve upon ? 

7. What steps did he^take ? 



ROME. 



39 



8. The news of these movements excited consterna- 
tion in the capital. Pompey, aware that he was unable 
to resist Csesar in Rome, where the great body of the 
citizens had become devoted to him, led such forces as 
he had to Briiidu'sium, and thence passed over to Dyr- 
rach'iu7n, in Macedonia, where he took measures to in- 
crease his army. 

9. Caesar soon made himself master of Italy, then en- 
tered Rome triumphantly amidst the acclamations of the 
people, and possessed himself of supreme power without 
opposition. 

10. After staying a few days in the city, he proceeded 
with his a-rmy to Spain, iefeated Pompey's lieutenants, 
made himself master of the whole country, and returned 
to Rome, where the citizens created him dictator and 
consul. 

il. Pompey had now collected a numerous army, and 
was joined by many distinguished Roman citizens and 
senators, among whom were Cicero and Cato. 

12. Csesar anxious to bring his antagonist to a deci- 
sive engagement, proceeded with his troops to Macedo- 
nia, and the armies of the two great rivals met on the 
plains of Pharsa'lia, where a tremendous battle was 
fought, in which Ccesar gained a complete victory. 

13. The fate of Pompey was wretched in the extreme. 
Accttstomed to victory for 30 years, and master of the 
republic, he was in one day deprived of his pov.'^er, be- 
came a miserable fugitive, and fled with his wife to 
Egypt, where he was basely murdered. 

14. The throne of Egypt was now possessed by 
Ptol'emy and his sister the celebrated Cleopa'tra ; the 
latter of whom aspired to undivided dominion. 

15. Csesar, who pursued Pompey to Egypt, captivated 



8. What effect did these movements produce at Rome ? 

9. How did Caesar then proceed ' 

10. What were his next achievements ? 

11. What was Fompey's condition ? 

12. What was Caesar's next movement and its issue r 

13. What was the fate of Pompey ? 

14. By whom was the throne of Egypt possessed ? 

15. In whose favour did Csesar decide ? 



40 ROME. 

by the charms of the beautiful queen, decided the con- 
test in her favour. 

16. From Egypt, Caesar was called into Asia Minor to 
suppress a revolt of PJiarna'ces, the son of Mithrida'tes, 
w^hom he subdued with great ease ; and in his letter to 
Rome he expressed the rapidity of his conquest in three 
v/ords, Veni, vidi, vici ; " I came, I saw, I conquered." 

17. He next proceeded to Rome ; and thence to Afri- 
ca, where he defeated Cato and Scipio. Cato, disdain- 
ing to survive the liberties of his country, killed himself 
in despair at U'tica. 

18. Csesar returned again to Rome, celebrated a most 
magnificent triumph, distributed rich rewards, and en- 
tertained the people with pompous shows and a splendid 
public feast. 

19. The multitude, intoxicated with these allurements 
of pleasure, cheerfully yielded up their liberties to their 
great enslaver, who was hailed father of his country, 
and created perpetual dictator. 

20. Having subdued all who opposed his usurpation, 
C^sar devoted his attention to the prosperity and happi- 
ness of the Roman people, and administered the govern- 
ment in the most beneficent manner. 

21. A conspiracy, however, was soon formed against 
him by 60 senators, headed by Brutus and Cas'sius, and 
he was assassinated in the senate-house, on the day 
v/hen it was rumoured that he was going to assume the 
title of king. 

22. Thus perished Julius CcBsar, in the 56th year of 
his age, 14 years after he commenced his career of con- 
quest in Gaul, and after having been only 5 months in 
the undisputed possession of that power which it had 
been the object of his life to obtain. 

23. He was one of the most extraordinary men 

16. What was the next achievement of Caesar.? 

17. Whom did he then defeat.? 

IS. W^hat did he do after returning to Rome ? 

19. What course did the peojJe take ? 

20. How did Ceesar proceed after having subdued those who 

opposed him ? 

21. What happened to him soon after .' 

22. What were his age and the length of his career ? 

23. What is said of Cassar's character and talents ? 



ROME. 41 

that have appeared in history, and in his military char- 
acter he has probably never been ^surpassed. But he 
was not only pre-eminent as a warrior and a statesman, 
but was one of the most accomplished orators and histo- 
rians that Rome ever produced. 

24. Ccesar and Alexander are often compared. Alex- 
ander was heir to the throne, and carried into exe- 
cution the splendid conquest which his father had. 
projected J overrunning nations sunk in luxury and ef- 
feminacy. Cgesar, originally a private individual, ap- 
pears as the framer of his own fortune, gradually rising 
by well concerted plans, to the summit of power, pursu- 
ing an uninterrupted career of victory, and finally con- 
quering the conquerors of the world. 

25. The bleeding body of Csesar was exposed in the 
forum^ and over it Mark Antony delivered a public 
harangue, by which he so inflamed the people against 
his murderers, that they were obliged to escape instant- 
ly from the city, in order to avoid destruction. 

26. The Second Triumvirate was now formed by Mark 
An'tony, Lep'idus, and Oda'vius, who divided among 
themselves the supreme authority. 

27. Octavius, who was afterward emperor, and named 
Augustus, was the grand-nephew and adopted heir of 
Csesar. 

28. The consequences of this union were most calami- 
tous to the republic. A horrible proscription ensued, 
by which numerous Roman senators and knights v/ere 
sacrificed to the malice of the triumvirs, and among 
them was the celebrated Cicero. 

29. Brutus and Cassius with a numerous army, retired 
to Thrace, but they were utterly defeated by the tri- 
umvirs in the great battle of Philip'pi. 

30. The triumvirs soon began to quarrel with each 
other. Octavius caused Lepidus to be banished, and 

24. What is said of him compared with Alexander ? 

25. What took place after his death ? 

26. Who formed the Second Triumvirate .'' 

27. Who was Octavius ? 

28. What were the consequences of this union ? 

29. What were the course and fate of Brutus and Cassius ? 

30. What events followed this battle > 

c2 



4*2 ROME. 

afterward defeated Antony in a great naval engagement 
at Ac'tium, which rendered him sole master of the Ro- 
man world, 31 B. C. 

Section IV. 

From the End of the Commonwealth to the Fall of the 
Empire. 

1. The battle of Actium terminated the commonwealth, 
and Octavius, now named Augustus, became emperor; 
but it was his policy, while he changed the nature of 
the government, to retain the republican forms. 

2. The conduct of Augustus, while a member of the 
triumvirate, was marked by treachery and cruelty ; but 
after having arrived at sovereign power, he cherished 
the arts of peace, and promoted the welfare of his 
subjects ; and his reign is celebrated as the golden 
period of Roman literature and arts. 

3. Augustus was succeeded by Tibe'rius, who discon- 
tinued the specious form of the republic, and reigned 
as an odious and cruel tyrant. 

4. In the 26th year of the reign of Augustus, our 
Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ was born, and in the 18th 
year of Tibe'rius, he suffered death on the cross. 

5. Calig'ula the successor of Tibe'rius, was little bet- 
ter than a madman, notorious alike for his follies and 
vices. 

6. He was succeeded by Clau'dius, who was weak 
and timid, and who was poisoned by his empress Agnp- 
pi'na, in order to make way for JSfero, her son by a former 
husband. 

7. Nero, of all the R,oman emperors, was the most no- 
torious for profligacy and tyranny. Among the nume- 

Qiiesiions. — Rome. Section IV. 

1. What followed the battle of Actium ? 

2. What is said of Augustus and his reign ? 

3. By whom was he succeeded ? 

4. When did the birth and the cruciftsion of our Saviour 

take place ? 

5. What was the character of Caligula ? 6. Of Claudius ? 
7. Of Nero > 



ROM£» 



43 



rous victims who suffered death by his cruelty, were his 
mother, his wifcj his tutor Seneca, the philosopher, and 
also Lucan, the poet. 

8. He was the author of the first of the ten persecu- 
tions against the Christians ; during which St. Paul was 
beheaded. 

9. After the death of Nero,' the imperial throne was 
possessed, in succession, by Gal'ha, O'tho^ and Vitel'liuSj 
whose reigns, added together, fell short of two years. 

10. To these succeeded Vespa'sian, an able sovereign, 
whose reign is memorable for the destruction of Jeru- 
salem, which was effected under the command of his 
son Titus. 

11. Vespasian was succeeded by Titus, who was dis- 
tinguished for his virtues, and during whose reign the 
cities of Hercula'neum and Pompeii were overwhelmed 
by an eruption of Vesuvius. 

12. Domi'iian, the brother and successor of Titus, was 
another monster of vice and cruelty. His reign is noted 
for the conquest of Britain by Agric'ola. 

13. Domitian was the last of those emperors who are 
called the Twelve Cczsars, Julius Ccesar, the dictator, 
being the first ; though Augustus was the first that is 
usually styled emperor ; and jYero was, in reality, the 
last emperor of the family of Augustus. 

14. Augustus^ Vespa'sian, and Titus, were the only 
ones of these emperors, whose reigns were, in any con- 
siderable degree, beneficent and prosperous. No one 
of the others was suffered to die a natural death. 

15. Domitian was succeeded by the aged JVerva, who 
after a short reign, left the empire to Trajan. 

16. Trajan was the greatest and one of the most 
virtuous of the Roman emperors ; and during his reign 

8. Of what was he the audjor ? 

9. Who were the next three emperors ? 

10. Who succeeded them ? 

11. By whom was Vespasian succeeded ? 

12. What is said of Domitian ? 

13. Who was the last and the first of the Twelve Caesars? 

14. Which were the three whose reigns were most propitious ? 

15. By whom was Domitian succeeded ? 

16. What is said of Trajan and his reign ? 

c8 



44 



ROME. 



the boundaries of the empire were more extensive than 
either before or afterward. 

17. He was succeeded by A'drian, who was also an 
able sovereign, and like him a liberal patron of the 
arts. 

18. THtus Jlntoni'mis, who succeeded Adrian, was 
sumamed Pius, on account of his love of religion, peace, 
and justice. 

19. He was succeeded by Marcus Aure'lius Antoninus, 
surnamed the Philosopher, who was an eminent Stoic 
philosopher, and is regarded as the best model of Pagan 
virtue among the Roman emperors. 

20. He was the last of the sovereigns styled the Five 
Good Emperors ; and the glory and prosperity of the 
Roman people seemed to perish with him. 

21. From the time of Aure'lius to that of Diode' sian, 
there were 22 reigns, most of them very short, and alike 
disastrous to the rulers and their subjects. All these 
emperors, except three, were cut off by assassination, 
or some other form of violent death. 

22. Of the emperors who flourished during this period, 
Com'modus and Heliogaba'lus were notorious for prof- 
ligacy, in which they were scarcely exceeded by Nero. 

23. The emperor Aure'lian was distinguished for his 
military achievements, and particularly for the defeat of 
Zeno'bia, the famous queen of Palmy'ra, who had for 
her secretary the celebrated critic Longi'nus. 

24. Diode'sian, originally a slave, was an able gene- 
ral, and a distinguished sovereign. He divided the em- 
pire into four parts, under tv/o Emperors and two C(Bsars. 

25. During his reign happened the last and most 
bloody of the ten persecutions of the Christians. 

17. By whom was he succeeded ? 

18. What is said of Titus Antoninus ? 

19. Who was his successor, and what is said of him ? 

20. What were the last five sovereigns styled ? 

21. What is said of the period from Aurelius to Dioclesian ? 

22. Which of these emperors were notorious for profligacy .' 

23. For what was the emperor Aurelian distinguished ? 

24. What is said of Dioclesian .■' 

2.5. What took place during his reign ? 



ROME. 45 

56. Constantine the Great, after defeating his antago- 
nists, became sole master of the empire, and has the 
honour of being enrolled as the first Christian emperor^ 
and also of having put an end to the long and bloody 
persecutions of the Christians. 

27. His reign is also famous for the removal of the 
seat of empire from Rome to Byzan'tium, named from 
him Constantino' pie ; and for the meeting of the council 
of JWce, by which Arianism wels condemned. 

28. The emperor/w/iaTi, surnamed theApostate, because 
he forsook Christianity and embraced paganism, made an 
unsuccessful attempt to rebuild the temple of Jerusalem, 

29. The reign of Theodosius the Great was distinguish- 
ed for the complete establishment of Christianity, and 
the downfal of paganism. 

30. He was the last sovereign that presided over the 
whole empire, and was succeeded by his two sons, Ho- 
no'rius and Arca'dius. The former was emperor of the 
Western Empire ; and the latter of the Eastern. 

31. Before this period the barbarous nations had be- 
gun to make inroads into various parts of the empire ; 
at length a vast army of Goths under Al'aric, took and 
sacked the great city of Rome, which had now for many 
ages been the mistress of the world. 

32. Next followed the ravages of the Huns, under 
their ferocious king At'tila, styled the Scourge of God. 

33. Afterward the Vandals, under Gen'seric, took 
Rome and plundered it of every thing which had escap- 
ed the ravages of the Goths. 

34. At length Odoa'cer, the chief of the Her'uli, van- 
quished the emperor Rom' ulus Angus' tulus, put an end to 
the Western Empire, in 476, and assumed the title of 
king of Italy. 

26. What is said of Constantine the Great .' 

27. For what else is his reign famous ? 

28. What did Julian, the Apostate, attempt ? 

29. For what was the reign of Theodosius distinguished ? 

30. By whom was he succeeded ? 

31. What is said of the inroads of the barbarians, and of the 

Goths ? 

32. Whose ravages next followed i 33. Whose next ' 
34. What did Odoacer accomplish ? 

c4 



46 CHART OF ANCIENT CHRONOLOGY. 

35. The Her'uli were conquered by the Os'trogoths 
under Theod'mic, the Ostrogoths by the Lombards, and 
these by Charlemagne. 

36. The Eastern Empire, called also the Greek Em- 
pire, was the only one of the ancient kingdoms of Eu- 
rope, that subsisted through the Middle Ages. 

37. This empire was in the meridian of its glory in the 
6th century, during the reign of Justin'ian, who is cele- 
brated for his code of laws, and for the victories gained 
by his renowned generals Belisa'rius and JVarses. 

38. In 1204, the Crusaders took Constantinople, and 
proclaimed Baldivin, their leader, emperor. 

39. They kept possession of the throne till 1261, un- 
der 5 French or Latin emperors. 

40. In 1453 tlie Turks took Constantinople, and put a 
final end to the Eastern Empire. 

35. By whom were the Heruli, &e. conquered? 

36. What is said of the Eastern Empire ? 

37. When was it in the meridian of its glory .' 

38 When did the Crusaders take Constantinople ? 

39. How long did they keep possession of the throne ? 

40, Who put a final end to the Eastern Empire ? 

Questions on the Chart of Ancient Chronology. 

No. II. 

Roman History. 

1. W^ho were the seven kings of Rome .? 

2. In what centuries B. C. did they reign .? 

3. What is said of Romulus and the events of his reign r 

4. Of Numa Pompilius .? 5. Of Tullus Hostilius ? 
6. Of Ancus Martins ? 7. Of Tarquin the Elder ? 
8. Of Servius Tullus? 9. Of Tarquin the Proud ? 

10. By whom were the Tarquins expelled ? 

11. In what centuries did the Commonwealth exist ? 

12. What public men are enumerated in the 5th century B. C.r 

13. Who was the first dictator ? 

14. What contests arose near the beginning of the Common- 

wealth ? 

15. What are some of the other events of the 5th centu- 

ry B.C. .? 

16. Wiiat public men flourished in the 4th century B. C. .? 

17. When did the Gauls defeat the Romans and burn tlie 

city f 



CHART OF ANCIENT CHRONOLOGT. 47 

18. What other events are mentioned in the 4th centuiy ? 

19. What public men flourished in the 3d century B. C. ? 

20. What events took place early in this century ? 

21. How long did the first Punic war last, and what events 

are mentioned respecting it ? 

22. How long did the second Punic war last, and what 

events are enumerated ? 

23. What public men flourished in the 2d century B. C. .' 

24. What events took place in the fore part of this century ? 

25. How long did the third Punic war last? 

26. What events happened in the year 146 B. C. ? 

27. What other events took place afterward in this century .' 

28. What publip-inen flourished in the first century B. C. ? 

29. What wars took place in the early part of this century ? 

30. By whom and when was the first Triumvirate formed .'' 

31. What events followed .'' 

32. By whom and when was the 2d Triumvirate formed ? 

33. When was the battle of Actium fought ? 

34. Who was the first emperor ? 

35. What emperors reigned in the first century ? 

36. Who was the last of the Twelve Cajsars ? 

37. What is said of Trajan .' 38. Of Adrian ? 

39. Of Antoninus Pius .? 40. Of Aurelius ? 41. Of Commodus ? 

42. What emperors are named in the 3d century ? 

43. What emperor defeated Zenobia ? 

44. During whose reign was the empire divided into four 

parts ? 

45. Who was the first Christian emperor? 

46. Who was the last emperor before the final division of the 

empire into Eastern and Western ? 

47. Who was the first emperor of the Western Empire ? 

48. Who was the last ? 49. By whom was he dethroned ? 

50. How long did the Heruli possess the kingdom of Italy .^ 

51. Who conquered the Heruli ? 52. Who succeeded them ? 

53. How long did the Lombards possess Italy ? 

54. Who was the first emperor of the Eastern Empire ? 

55. Who was the first emperor crowned by the patriarch of 

Constantinople ? 

56. For what is Justinian I. celebrated ? 

57. During whose reign did the conquests of the Saracens 

begin ? 

Other Eras and Events — not relating to Greece and 
Rome. 

1. Who were the kings of Israel and Judah in the fore part 
of the 8th century B.C.. ^ 



48 CHART OF ANCIENT CHRONOLOGY. 

2. When were the Ten Tribes carried captive ? 

3. When the Jews ? 

4. When did Cyrus found the Persian Empire ? 

5. When does the history of the Old Testament end ? 

6. When was Ptoiemy Lagus king of Egypt ? 

7. When did Judas Maccabseus" expel the Syrians from 

Judea ? 
8 When was Jerusalem destroyed by the Romans? 
9. When did the migration of the barbarous nations take 

place ? 
10. When was Rome taken by Alaric, the Goth ? 

12. When was the Hegi'ra, or Flight of Mahomet ? 

13. When did the reig^i of Haroun al Raschid begin ? 

Note. After learning the answers to each of the preceding 
questions, pupils may be required to mention what events art 
enumerated in each century in this column of the chart, 
without naming the dales. 

What events are enumerated in the 8th century B. C. .? 
What ones in the 7th ? fee. 

Ecclesiastical History. 

Remarks. — By the Chart it appears that the ten perse- 
cutions of the Christians were in the latter part of the 
1st, in the 2d and 3d, and the beginning of the 4th centu- 
ries ; — 

That after persecution ceased, Christianity was pro- 
tected by the Roman government, but became cor- 
rupted ; — 

That the Christian Fathers flourished in the 2d, 3d, 
4th, 5th, and 6th centuries. 
1. When was the first persecution .' 2. The last .' 

3. When did Christianity become the religion of the Roman 

empire ? 

4. When did the temporal pov^'er of the Pope commence .'' 

5. What events relating to ecclesiastical history are men- 

tioned in the first century ? 
fx In the 2d .? 7. In the 3d ? 8. In the 4th .? &c. 



ILLUSTRIOUS MEN. 
Remarks. 



1. Though the Israelites or Hebrews were not, at any 
period, from the time of Moses to the final destruction 
of Jerusalem, destitute of men whose minds were in 
some degree enlightened ; yet they were never, in any 
age, distinguished for science or philosophy. 

2. The most of their prophetical writers flourished in 
the 8th, 7th, and 6th centuries before Christ. 

3. Of these prophetical writers, Isa'iah is the greatest ; 
and he has been compared to Homer, among the Greeks ; 
though in sublimity he surpasses every heathen poet. 

4. Some time after the return of the Jews from the 
Babylonish captivity, Ezra is supposed to have collected 
and arranged the books of the Old Testament. 

5. Confu'cius, the celebrated Chinese philosopher, 
was nearly contemporary with Ezra. 

6. The Greeks were the most eminent of all ancient 
nations in literature, philosophy, and the arts. 

7. Ho'mer, the greatest of the Grecian poets, is sup- 
posed to have lived more than 900 years before the 
Christian era. 

8. The greater part of the classical writers of 
Greece, flourished in the 5th, 4th, and 3d centuries 

Questions. — ^Illustrious Men. Remarks. 

1. What is said of the Israelites or Hebrews ? 

2. When did most of their prophetical writers flourish ? 

3. Who is the greatest of these writers ? 

4. Who collected and arranged the books of the Old Testa- 

ment ? 

5. When did Confucius flourish ? 

6. What is said of the Greeks ? 7. What of Homer ? 

8. When did most of the Greek classic writers flourish i* 



50 ILLUSTRIOUS MEN. 

before Christ ; though literature continued to be culti- 
vated by the nation long after they were conquered by 
the Romans. 

9. Tha'leSf one of the seven wise men of Greece, was 
an eminent philosopher, and the founder of the lon'ic 
sect. 

10> Pythag'oras was the founder of the Ital'ic or Py- 
thagore'an sect. 

11. Socrates f the founder of the Socrat'ic sect, was the 
most illustrious of the heathen moralists. 

12. Pla'to and Aristotle were very eminent philoso- 
phers, and their systems have had an extensive empire 
over the minds of men. Pla'to was the founder of the 
Academ'ic sect ; Jlr'istotle of the Peripatet'ic. 

13. Pyr'rho was the founder of the Skeptics, Epi- 
cu'rus of the Epicure' ans^ and Ze'no of the Stoics. 

14. Herod'otus, the earliest Greek historian, is styled 
the Father of History. 

15. Thucyd'ides, Xen'ophon, Polyb'ius, and Diod'orus 
Sic'ulus, were also distinguished as historians. 

16. Ms'chylus was the father of tragedy, Hippoc'raies 
of medicine ; and Demos'thencs was the most eminent of 
the Grecian orators. 

17. The most flourishing period of Roman lAterature 
comprised the century immediately preceding, and that 
immediately following" the Christian era. 

18. The Romans were much less inclined to philo- 
sophical speculation than the Greeks. 

19. The most eminent of all their philosophers as well 
as orators, was Cig'ero. 



9. What is said of Thales ? 10. Pythagoras ? 11. Socrates ? 
12. Plato and Aristotle.' 33. Pyrrho, Epicurus, and Zeno ? 

14. Herodotus ? 

15. Who were some of the other historians ? 

16. What is said of iEschyhis, Hippocrates, and Demos- 

thenes ? 

17. When was the most flourishing period of Roman Litera- 

ture .'' 
IS. Which were most inclined to philosophical speculation, 

the Romans or the Greeks ? 
19. Who was the most eminent of the Roman philosophers f 



ILLUSTRIOUS MEN. 51 

20. Virgil holds the first rank among the Latin poets, 
as Homer does among the Grecian. 

21. Some of the other principal Latin poets are Im- 
cre'tius, Hoface^ and Juvenal. 

22. Sal'lust, Liv'y, and Tac'itus are some of the most 
eminent of the Latin historians. 

23. Some of the most distinguished of the Christian 
Fathers are Or'igen, Cyp'rian, Chrys'ostom, Jer'ome, and 
St. Augustine, or St. Austin. 

24. The period styled the Middle or Dark Ages com- 
mences in the 5th and ends in the 15th century. 

25. During this period Europe was generally sunk in 
ignorance and barbarism ; yet learning was, in some 
degree, cultivated among the Sar'acens. 

26. The centuries during which Saracen literature 
flourished, were the 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th. 

20. Who holds the first rank among their poets ? 
^1. Who are some other of their principal poets ? 

22. Who are some of their eminent historians ? 

23. Who are some of the most distinguished of the Christian 

Fathers ? 

24. When does the period of the Middle Ages begin and end ? 

25. What people cultivated literature in this period ? 

26. During what centuries did Saracen lirerature flourish ? 

Questions on the Chart. 

1. What illustrions men (Hebreiv prophets) flourished in the 

8th century before Christ ? 

2. MVh^t illustrious men are enumerated in the 7th century ^ 

3. In the 6th ? &c, ^ 



THE MIDDLE AGES. 



1. The Middle Ages comprise a period of about a 
thousand years, from the 5th to the 15th century ; or from 
the subversion of the Western Empire of the Romans to 
that of the Eastern Empire. 

2. During these centuries Europe was sunk in igno- 
rance, barbarism, and superstition ; hence this period is 
often styled the Dark Ages. 

3. The migration of the Goths, Vandals, Huns, and 
other barbarous nations from the north of Europe, took 
place in the latter part of the 4th century and the be- 
ginning of the 5th ; and in less than a hundred years 
after they had conquered and taken possession of the 
middle and south of Europe, almost all literature and 
civilization disappeared. 

4. In these dark and miserable times, the human mind 
was neglected and debased ; books were extremely 
scarce ; the common people were wholly uneducated ; ma- 
ny persons of the highest rank and in the most important 
stations, could neither read nor write : the little learning 
which existed, was confined chiefly to ecclesiastics and 
monks, yet many priests did not understand the service 
which it was their duty daily to recite ; and many bish- 
ops had never seen a copy of the New Testament during 
their lives. 

Questions. — Middle Ages. 

1. What period do the Middle Ages comprise .'' 

2. What was the state of Europe during this period ? 

3. When did the migration of the Goths, &c. take place, and 

what followed .'' 

4. What facts are mentioned respecting the state of society ? 



THE ARABS OR SARACENS. 53 

5. The state (jf morals, both among the clergy and 
laity, was exceedingly low ; and Christianity had lost 
almost all its original excellence, and was corrupted to 
a most degrading superstition. 

6. The absurd modes of trial by single combat or duel^ 
and by ordeal, that is, by walking blind-fold over hot 
bars of iron, or by being thrown into the water, were 
commonly used, as methods of discovering guilt and in- 
nocence. 

7. Some of the most remarkable circumstances which 
characterize the history and state of society during this 
period, are the Feudal System, the Crusades, and Chival- 
I'y. It was also during this period, that the Saracen Em- 
pire flourished. 



THE ARABS or SARACENS. 

1. The Sar'acens were originally a people dwelling 
in the northwest part of Arabia ; but their name was 
applied to most of the Arabian nations, who, under 
Ma'homet and his successors, established the Saracen 
empire, which was widely extended in Asia, and em- 
braced also the north of Africa, and Spain in Europe. 

2. The famous impostor Ma'homet, was a native of 
Mecca, and was a man of great natural talents, but of 
no education. 

3. He undertook to teach and establish a new religion, 
the principles of which were collected into a volume, 
called the Koran. His followers style themselves Mus'- 
sulmans or Mos'lems ; and their two leading doctrines 
are, that " There is but one God, and that Mahomet is 
his prophet." 

5. What was the state of morals and religion ? 

6. What modes of trial were common ^ 

7. What are some of the circumstances which characteriee 

this period .'' 

Questions. — The Saracens. 

1. Who were the Saracens? 

2. What is said of Mahomet ? 

3. What did he accomplishj and what is said of his followers ? 



•J4 the ARABS OR SARACENS. 

4. This religion promises to all its followers a para- 
dise of sensual pleasures. It was propagated by the 
sword, and its founder promised a martyr's crown to all 
who should fall fighting for it in battle. 

5. After having, in the space of three years, made only 
14 converts, a tumult was raised against him, so that, in 
order to save his life, he was obliged to escape from 
Mecca to Medi'na. This fiight or Hegi'ra is the Ma- 
hometan era, and corresponds to the year A. D. 622. 

6. He was carried into Medi'na in triumph ; there he 
assumed the regal and sacerdotal office ; put himself at 
the head of an army ; and began to propagate his re- 
ligion by the sword. 

7. Having defeated his enemies, he entered his native 
city Mecca, as a conqueror. In the space of ten years 
he fought in person nine battles ; subdued all Arabia ; 
and extended his conquests to Syria. 

8. Ma'homet was succeeded by Abu-heker, who is 
styled the first caliph^ that is, successor or vicar, and 
who made further conquests. 

9. During the reign of Omai\ the second caliph, the 
Mahometans conquered 36,000 cities and villages, de- 
molished 4,000 Christian churches, and destroyed the 
famous library of Alexandria. 

10. The 3d and 4th caliphs were Othman and Ali^ 
both of whom continued the career of conquest. 

11. During the reign of All, the Mohometans were 
divided into two sects the Shiites or sect of AH, 
and the Sonnites or Ottomans. The Persians are of the 
sect of Ali, and regard the first three caliphs as usurp- 
ers ; and the Turks are the adherents of Othman. 

12. Ali removed the seat of the Mussulman sovereigns 



4. What does this religion promise to its followers, and how 

was it propagated .'' 
6. What happened to Mahomet after three years' exertion .' 

6. W^hat did he do after being carried into Medina .'' 

7. What was his further course ? 

8. By whom was he succeeded ? 

9. What achievements were performed by Omar.'' 

10. Who were the 3d and 4th caliphs ? 

11. What took place during the reign of Ali .'* 

12. To what places was the seat of the empire removed f 



THE ARABS OR SARACENS. 55 

from Mecca to Cuja on the Euphrates ; and in 768, it 
was removed hy Alniansor to Bagdad ; hence they are 
styled Caliphs of Bagdad. 

13. The first race of caliphs -were styled Ommi'adts, 
from Ommiyah ; the second race, the Abbas'sides, from 
Abbas, the uncle of Mahomet. 

14. Almansor, the second caliph of the house of Ab- 
bas, and the founder of Bagdad, is famous for having 
been the first to introduce and encourage the cultiva- 
tion of the sciences among the Saracens. 

15. The reigns of Haroim al Raschid and of his son 
Al Mamon, in the latter part of the 8th century and the 
former part of the 9th, formed the golden period of Sara- 
cen or Arabic literature. 

16. The sciences .chiefly cultivated were medicine, 
geometry, and astronomy ; also poetry and fiction. 

17. The Saracen empire, during the early and most 
flourishing period of its existence, was subject to one 
head, but it was at length broken into many parts, and 
its decline commenced as early as in the 9th century. 

J 8. The caliphs, in the early period of the empire, 
were brave and hardy warriors ; unassuming in their 
manners ; and they affected an enthusiastic devotion, 
and a rigid austerity ; but in the later ages, they were 
noted for their oppression, luxury, and effeminacy. 

19. Bagdad continued the seat of the Saracen empire 
from 768 til! 1258, a period of 490 years. 

20. In 1258 it was taken by Hulaku, the grandson of 
the celebrated Jenghiz-Khaiij who put an end to the 
caliphate. 

13. What were the two races of caliphs styled? 

14. For what is Airnansor famous ? 

15. What is said of the rcigtis of Haroun al Raschid and Al 

Mara on ? 

16. What sciences were chiefly cultivated among the Sara- 

cens .'' 

17. What change took place in the Saracen empire.' 
IS. What Is said of the early and the later caliphs ? 

19. How long did Bagdad continue the seat of the empire ? 

20. Who put an end to Iha caliphate ^ 



THE FEUDAL SYSTEIM. 



1. The Feudal Siislem is supposed to have had its 
(Origin, or to have received its earliest improvement, 
among the Lombards, immediately after they had estab- 
lished themselves in Italy, in the latter part of the 6th 
century. 

2. It was adopted by most of the princes of Europe, 
and was introduced into England by William the Con- 
queror, in the 11th century. 

3. The fundamental principle of this system was, that 
all the lands, were originally granted out by the sove- 
reign, and were held of the crown. The grantor wag 
called lord, and he who received the grant was styled 
feudatory or vassal. 

4. The condition upon which feudatories or vassals 
received their lands, was, that they should be bound to 
appear in arms against the enemies of the sovereign. 
As they were exempt from every other burden, this ser- 
vice was esteemed honourable ; and the names of free- 
man and soldier were synonymous. 

5. The king or general who led them to conquest, had 
the largest portion of land allotted to him, and he par- 
celled It out among those who bound themselves to 
bear arms in his defence. 

6- His chief officers imitated his example, in distribut- 
ing lands among their dependents on the same condition. 
Thus a feudal kingdom resembled a military establish- 
ment, rather than a civil. 

(^uesiions. — The Feudal System. 

1. Among what people did the Feudal System originate ? 

2. By whom was it introduced into England ? 

3. What was the fundamental principle of it ? 

4. On what condition did the vassals receive their lands ? 

5. What was the condition of the king ? 
^. How did his chief officers manage ? 



THE FEUDAL SYSTEM. 57 

7. The great mass of the people, who cultivated the 
lands, styled serfs or villeins, were in a state of miserable 
servitude, and were not suffered to leave the estates of 
their lords. 

8. The feudal government, though well calculated for 
defence, was very defective in its provisions for the in- 
terior order of society. The bond of union was feeble, 
and the sources of anarchy numerous. 

9. A kingdom resembled a cluster of confederated 
states under a common head. The barons or nobles 
enjoyed a subordinate sovereignty in their own domains ; 
and though they owed a species of allegiance to th6 
king ; yet when obedience was refused, it could be en- 
forced only by war. 

10. The causes of discord in a kingdom being innu- 
merable, it often exhibited a scene of anarchy, turbu- 
lence, and war ; and such was in fact the state of 
Europe, with respect to interior government, from the 
7th to the 11th century. 

11. Some of the principal causes of the overthrow of 
the Feudal System, were the Crusades, the formation of 
cities into communities, the change in the mode of war 
which followed the invention of gunpowder, the exten- 
sion of commerce, the increase and distribution of 
wealth, and the diffusion of knowledge. 

12. The Feudal System still exists in some parts of 
Europe, particularly in Poland and Russia, and in some 
portions of Germany. 

7. What was the condition of the great mass of the people ? 

8. What were some of the defects of the system ? 

9. What did a kingdom resemble, and what was the situa- 

tion of the nobles ? 

10. What scene did a kingdom often exhibit? 

11. What were some of the principal causes of the overthrow 

of the Feudal System ? 

12. In what parts of Europe do remains of this system stili 

exist ? 



THE CRUSADES. 



1. The Crusades, or Holy Wars, were military expe- 
ditions, undertaken by European nations for the deliv- 
erance of Palestine, particularly the sepulchre of our 
Saviour, from the dominion of the Mahometans. 

2. These enterprises involved all the nations of West- 
ern Europe ; yet in most of them the French took the 
lead. 

3. The number of the principal crusades was six. 
The first commenced in 1095, and the last in 1270 ; so 
that their continuance was nearly two centuries. 

4. The first crusade was excited by Peier the Hermit, 
a native of Amiens in France, and a frantic enthusiast, 
who, on returning from a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, 
roused up the sovereigns and people of Europe to inflict 
vengeance on the infidels for their profanation of the 
places, consecrated by the sufferings of our Redeemer, 
and for the injuries done to the pilgrims : and this de- 
sign was encouraged by Pope Urban XL, the reigning 
pontiff. 

5. Plenary indulgence and full absolution were pro- 
claimed by the pope to all who should devote themselves 
to the service. A cross made of red stuff, attached to 
the right shoulder, was adopted as the badge of the com- 
batants ; and from this badge the expeditions were 
termed Crusades. 

6. Peter the Hermit assumed the office of general, 

(Questions. — The Crusades. 

1. What was the object of the Crusades ? 

2. Who took the lead in them ? 

3. How many were there, and how long did they continue ? 

4. By whom was the first crusade excited ? 

5. What was ottered to those who engaged in the service. 

and what was their badge ? 

6. What did Peter the Hermit undertake.^ 



THE CRUSADES. 59 

and placing himself at the head of a numerous multitude, 
he commenced his march to the East in the spring 
of 1096. 

7. The progress of this multitude was marked by ra- 
pine and hostility in the countries through which they 
passed; and on their arrival at Constantinople, they 
were reduced to less than one third of their original 
number. This remnant was met on the plains of Nice 
by the sultan Sol'yman, and almost totally destroyed. 

8. These were followed by a larger and better disci- 
plined army, which, including a train of followers, 
amounted to 700,000 persons, under the command of 
Godfrey of Bouillon, and other distinguished princes. 

9. After having gained various advantages, and de- 
feated a great army of Mahometans, they took the city 
of Jerusalem, and proclaimed their leader, Godfrey, king. 

10. The Mahometans having gradually recovered 
their strength, and the Crusaders, who remained in 
x^sia, being compelled to solicit aid from Christendom, a 
second crusude was preached by the famous St. Bernard, 
and led by Louis VII. of France, and Conrad III. of 
Germany ; but they were totally defeated, and their 
army nearly destroyed. 

11. The leaders of the third crusade were the three 
distinguished sovereigns, Philip Augustus of France, 
Richard I. of England, and Frederick Barharossa of Ger- 
many. 

12. Frederick was drowned in Cilicia ; Philip, after 
having in conjunction with the king of England taken 
Ptolema'is, quarrelled with his rival, and returned home 
in disgust ; Richard ably sustained the contest, and de- 
feated the sultan Sal'adin ; but on his return through 
Germany, he was arrested and retained a prisoner. 

13. The fourth crusade was undertaken by Baldwin, 

7. What was the fate of this multitude ? 

8. By whom were they followed ? 

9. What did these troops accomplish ? 

10. By whom was the second crusade preached ? 

11. Who were the leaders in the third crusade ? 

12. W^hat were the fortunes of these sovereigns ? 

13. Who undertook the fourth crusade, and what did h© 

achieve ? 



CO THE CRUSADES. 

count of Flanders, who, on arriving at Constantinople, 
contrived to take possession of the throne of the East- 
ern Empire, of which he and his countrymen kept pos- 
session for 57 years. 

14. The ffth crusade was undertaken by St. Louis 
IX. of France, but he was defeated and lost most of his 
army. 

15. After some years, St. Louis engaged in the sixth 
and last of these mad enterprises, which was undertaken 
against the Moors in Africa, where he and the greater 
part of his army were destroyed by a pestilence. 

16. The crusades owed their origin to the fanaticism 
of an ignorant and barbarous age, superadded to ambi- 
tion and a desire of plunder. No military enterprise 
ever commanded the attention of Europe so generally 
or so long ; and no other affords a more memorable monu- 
ment of human folly. 

17. It has been computed that, during their continu- 
ance, no less that two millions of Europeans were buried 
in the East. Those who survived, were soon blended 
with the Mahometan population, and in a few years not 
a vestige of the Christian conquest remained. 

18. These barbarous expeditions, though productive 
of great misery, had, nevertheless, a powerful influence 
in producing a great and beneficial change in the as- 
pect of society. 

19. Their effects were observable, in a greater or less 
degree, in the political condition, the manners and cus- 
toms, the commerce, the literature, and religion of 
Christendom. 

20. They gave a severe blow to the Feudal System ; 
they imbued chivalry with religion, and brought it to 
maturity ; they turned the attention of many cities to 

14. By whom was the fifth crusade undertaken ? "^ 

15. [n what did he afterward engage ? 

16. To what did the crusades owe tlieir origin ? 

17. How many Europeans are supposed to have been buried 

in the East during their continuance ? 

18. What was the eflfect of the crusades .' 

19. In what were their effects observable ? 

20. In what way did they produce some of their beneficial 

effects ? 



CHIVALRY. 



61 



the advantages of commerce and navigation ; they serv- 
ed also to diminish the confidence of the people of Eu- 
rope in the infallibility of their promoters ; and thus, 
in some degree, prepared the way for the human mind 
to be emancipated from bigotry and servility. 



CHIVALRY. 



1. Chivalry constitutes one of the most remarkable fea- 
tures in the state of society and in the history of European 
nations in the Middle Ages ; and during the 12th, 13th, 
14th, and 15th centuries, it produced a wonderful influ- 
ence upon their opinions, habits, and manners. 

2. Its distinguishing characteristics were a romantic 
spirit of adventure ; a love of arms and of the rewards 
of valour ; an eagerness to succour the distressed, and 
to redress wrongs ; high sentiments of honour and re- 
ligion ; and a devoted and respectful attachment to the 
female sex. 

3. It is supposed to have had its origin among the 
Gothic nations, and to have been formed into a regu- 
lar institution in the 11th century. 

4. It was imbodied into form and regularity by the 
Feudal System ; was brought to maturity by the Cru- 
sades, and by their influence rendered as much a reli- 
gious as a military institution. 

5. Chivalry pervaded almost all parts of Europe ; but 
France, Spain, and Germany were the countries in which 
it first arrived at perfection. In England, where it was 
of later introduction, it was at its height in the reign of 
Edivard III., in the 14th century. 

Questions. — Chivalry. 

1. What is said of Chivalry? 

2. What were its characteristics ? 

3. Among whom, and when did it originate ' 

4. By what was it imbodied, and by what brought to ma- 

turity ? 
■5. In what countries did it first arrive at perfection ? 
d3 



m 



CHIVALRY. 



6. The sons of noblemen, who were destined for chiv- 
alry, entered, at the age of seven years, on their course 
of education, in some castle, under the direction of the 
master and mistress. They were surrounded by noble 
ladies and valiant knights, and the first impressions made 
upon their minds were those of love, gallantry, honour, 
and bravery. 

7. From the age of 7 to 14 years, the appellation 
given to these boys was page or varlet ; in the old Eng- 
lish ballade, child ; and at 14 they received the title of 
esquire, and were then authorized to carry arms. 

8. On arriving at the age of 21, the esquires under- 
went an examination, and if deemed worthy, they were 
admitted to the full honours of knighthood. They were 
then invested with their spurs, sword, and other insignia 
of chivalry, and were dubbed by receiving the accolade^ 
or a slight blow on the shoulder or cheek, as an emblem^ 
of the last affront that it was lawful for them to endurCo- 

9. The most important part of the equipments of a 
knight, w^as his horse ; his most distinguishing weapon, 
his lance ; and his dress consisted of a long, flowing^ 
robe, which reached down to his heels. 

10. Armed and caparisoned he sallied forth in quest 
of adventures, which, whether just or not in their pur- 
pose, were always esteemed honourable in proportion as 
they were perilous. He was authorized to challenge to 
single combat all who refused to acknowledge the un- 
paralleled beauty of his mistress, or the lady to whom 
he had devoted himself. 

11. Such was the estimation in which knighthood was 
held, that, for a long time, no sovereign could be crown- 
ed without being knighted ; and when a sovereign or 
general led his army to attack, his never failing injunc- 
tion was, " Let every one think of his mistress." 

6. How were those who were destined for chivalry edu- 

cated ? 

7. What were their appellations and title ? 

8. At what age and in what manner were they invested 

with the honours of knighthood ? 

9. What were the most important equipments of a knight ? 

10. How did he proceed when armed and caparisoned ? 

11. In what estimation was knighthood held ? 



CHIVALRY. 63 

12. The favourite amusement and exercise of knights 
consisted in juosts, tilts, and tournaments, the most splen- 
did of which were celebrated at royal marriages, coro- 
nations, and after distinguished victories. 

13. They were attended by valiant knights, noble 
tarons, sovereign princes, and ladies of the highest 
rank ; and they surpassed, in pompous decoration and ani- 
mating circumstances, every scenic performance of mod- 
ern times. 

14. Absurd and ridiculous as the institution of chival- 
ry appears, yet it had a salutary influence in refining the 
manners of a barbarous age ; in infusing humanity into 
war ; in promoting adherence to truth and justice ; and 
in cherishing a delicate and respectful attention to the 
female sex. 

15. On the other hand, chivalry afforded to the knights 
the opportunity of committing the grossest injustice and 
violence, under th,e pretence of redressing wrongs. It 
cherished a love of war and a pernicious thirst of mili- 
tary renown ; and it also sowed the seeds of that fan- 
tastic honour, the bitterness of whose fruits is still felt 
in the modern practice of duelling. 

16. As chivalry rose to splendour, and was embodied 
into form, by the Feudal System, so the same causes 
which gradually caused the destruction of the one, put a 
period to the existence of the other. 

12. What were the favourite amusements of the knights? 

13. Bv whom were they attended r 

24. What were some of the good effects of chivalry, 

15. What were some of its injurious effects? 

16. With what was the rise and fall of chivalry connected ? 



d4 



MODERN HISTORY. 



1. Modern History is considered by some as com- 
meiicing at the Christian era; by others, in A. D. 476, at 
the downfal of the Western Empire of the Romans, and 
the overrunning of the south of Europe by the barbari- 
ans ; and by others, in the year 800, at the establishment 
of the JVew Empire of the West, under Charlemagne. 

2. All the present sovereignties of Europe, with the 
exception of the kingdom of France, date their com- 
mencement since the year A. D. 800. 

3. Some topics, viz. the Saracens, the Feudal System, 
the Crusades, and Chivalry, which are, in a manner, de- 
tached both from ancient and modern history, have al- 
ready been briefly noticed. 

4. The most powerful monarchies of Europe, at the 
present time, are England, France, Russia, Austria, and 
Prussia; the last three of which are, comparatively, 
very modern. 

5. Prussia was erected into a kingdom in 1701 ; and 
Russia into an empire in 1721. 

Qwes^ions.— -Modern History. 

1. At what different periods is modern history considered 

as commencing ? 
2.' What European monarchy dates its beginning before the 

year A. D. 800. 

3. What topics are regarded as detached from ancient and 

modern history ? 

4. What are now the most powerful monarchies of Europe ? 

5. When was Prussia erected into a kingdom, and Russia 

into an empire ? 



MODERN HISTORY. 65 

6. In 1804, the emperor of Germany assumed the title 
of the emperor of Austria ; and he resigned his title as 
emperor of Germany, in 1806, at which period this em- 
pire, which had long held a distinguished rank among 
European sovereignties, terminated. 

7. Spain and Portugal formerly held a much higher 
comparative rank among European states than they do 
at present ; and they took a distinguished part in the 
discoveries made in the 15th and 16th centuries, and in 
establishing colonies. 

8. During some centuries in the Middle Ages, par- 
ticularly from the 12th to the 15th century, the Italians, 
and more especially the cities of Ven'ice, Gen'oa, and 
Pisa, had the chief management of the commerce of 
Europe. 

9. The association of the Hanse Towns commenced 
in the 12th century, and was in the most flourishing 
state in the 14th and 15th centuries. 

10. This association embraced the most of the great 
commercial towns in Europe, and holds a conspicuous 
place in the history of European commerce. 

11. After the discovery of the passage to India round 
the Cape of Good Hope, by Vasco de Gama, the com- 
merce of Europe was turned into new channels. The 
Italian cities declined ; and Portugal and Spain, and af- 
terward the JVetherlands, Holland, and England became 
the most commercial countries of Europe. 

12. To Americans the history o^ England is more im- 
portant than that of any other European country ; and 
next, in importance, is the history of Fi^ance. 

6. When did the empire of Austria commence, and that of 

Germany cease ? 

7. What is said of Sf)ain and Portugal ? 

8. Who had the chief management of the commerce of Eu- 

rope from the 12th to the 15th century ? 

9. When was the association of the Hanse Towns in the 

most flourishing state ? 

10. What did this association embrace ? 

11. What change took place with regard to commerce after 

the discovery of the new passage to India ? 

12. Of which European countries is the history most impor- 

tant to Americans ? 



06 CHART OF HISTORY. 

(luest{o7is on the modern part of the Chart of History, 
Chart J\o. I. 

1. In what centuries was the empire of the Moguls most 

flourishing ? 

2. Wlien \Aore the Tartars in possession of Persia, &.c. r 

'4. Who anciently inhabited Sweden, iNorway, Denmark, 
and Russia ? 

4. When were Sweden, Norway, and Denmark all united 

together? 

5. With what country was Norway connected from 1448 

to 1814. 

6. In what centuries did the Moguls or Tartars possess a 

part of Russia ? 

7. When was Poland divided between Russia, Austria, and 

Prussia ? 

8. \'N'ho were the ancient inhabitants of England ? 

9. In what centuries were the Romans in possession of 

Britain ? 

10. In what centuries did the Saxon Heptarchy exist.'' 

11. When (lid the 6'a:Jort Hcplarrliy end, and the kingdom 

under the Saxon nionarclis begin ? 

12. Wlien did the Danes obtain possession of England ? 

13. Wi)en \[w. A'orinans? 

14. When was Ireland added to England.'' 15. Wales.' 

1(). Scotland.? 

17. In what centuries did England hold possessions in 

France ? 

18. When was Bohemia annexed to the house of Austria?, 

19. When Hungary ? 

20. When was the empire of the Franks divided into the 

three sovereignties of Germany, France, and Italy .^ 

21. When did the empire of Germany end .' 

22. When did the repui)lic of Holland begin and er«d ? 

23. What nation held possessions in France from 1066 to 

1558? 

24. What countries were annexed to France a little before 

1800? 

25. When did the republic of Switzerland commence? 
2<>. In what centuries did Naples belong to Spain ? 

27. When did Naj)les become independent ? 

28. When did Ihe dominion of the Moors in Spain cease? 

29. How many centuries has Spain been united in one king- 

dom ? 

30. When did the kingdom of Portugal commence? 

31. During a part of what centuries was it united with Spain ? 



CHART OF HISTORY. 67 

32. When did the empire of the Turks commence ? 

33. How many centuries have their dominions been as ex- 

tensive as at present? 

34. When did the Sopkis or Shahs get the possession of all 

Persia ? 

35. What different people have been in possession of Persia 

since the dovvnfal of the ancient Persian empire ? 

36. When did the dominion of the Wahabees in Arabia com- 

mence ? 

37. When did the English dominion in India begin ? 

38. When did the Mantckevj Tartars gain possession oi China? 

39. What different nations have possessed Egypt since 800 

B. C? 

40. When did the Turl-s get possession of Egypt .' 
4i. What tjation first settled Canada? 

42. When did the English gain possession of Canada ? 

43. When and by whom was Virginia settled ? 

44. New- York ? 45. New-England? 46. Pennsylvania? 

47. When did (he United States become independent? 

48. Which country on the continent of America was first 

settled by Europeans? 

49. When was Mexico conquered by the Spaniards? 

50. What other countries were soon after colonized by the 

Spaniards ? 

51. By whom was Brazil colonized ? 

52. Which of the countries of South America first became 

Independent ? 
63. What others soon followed ? 
54. How long did Spain possess Mexico ? 



FRANCE. 

Section I. 



^tom the Foundation of the Monarchy in 481, to the Ac- 
cession of Francis I. in 1515. 

1. The history of France and tliat of England are in- 
timately connected, as they have, for many centuries, 
been rival states, and during a great part of the time 
engaged in war with each other. 

3. The kings of England, for a long time, assumed 
also the title of King of France, as they held possessions 
in that country from the time of William the Conqueror 
in the 11th century, to that of queen Mary in the 16th. 

0. The ancestors of the modern French were the 
Gauls or Celts, but the present name of the country was 
derived from the Franks, who were originally from Ger- 
many. 

4. The Franks made an irruption into Gaul about the 
year 420 under their leader Phar'amond ; but the mon- 
archy was founded in 481, by Clovis, the grandson of 
Merovce'us, from whom the first race of French is styl- 
ed Merovin'gian. 

5. The Merovingian kings continued to possess the 
crown till 751, when Pepin contrived to seat himself on 

Questions. — France. Section L 

1, In what way are the histories of France and England 

connected ? 

2, Why did the kings of England assume the title of 

King of France ? 

3, Who were the ancestors of the French, and from whona 

did the country derive its name ? 

4, When and by whom was the monarchy founded ? 

5, Who founded the second or Carlovingian race of kings ? 



FRANCE. 69 

the throne, and founded the second race of French 
kings, called Cai'lovingian, from his son Charlemagne or 
Charles the Great 

6. Charlemagne was far the greatest monarch of his age. 
After having made various and extensive conquests, he 
was, in 800, crowned emperor of the West by the pope. 

7. Charlemagne is celebrated in history, not only as a 
great conqueror, but as a luminary in a dark age, and an 
eminent patron of learning. 

8. After the death of Charlemagne, the empire was 
divided into three monarchies, France, Germany, and 
Italy. 

9. The Carlovingian sovereigns continued to possess 
the crown of France till 987, when Hugh Capet placed 
himself on the throne, and founded the third or Capetian 
race of French kings. 

10. The reign of Philip I., the 4th of the Capetian 
kings, was signalized by the first Crusade, preached by 
Peter the Hermit. 

11. The crusades form a prominent feature in the his- 
tory of Europe for nearly two centuries, and in most of 
them the French took the lead. 

12. The kings, whose reigns were particularly dis- 
tinguished by these barbarous expeditions, were Philip 
I., Louis II., Philip Augustus, and St. Louis IX. 

13. On the death of Charles IV. the crown devolved 
on Philip VI. of the House of Valois, but it was claim- 
ed by Edward III. of England in right of his mother, 
who Avas sister to Charles IV. 

14. This claim gave rise to the sanguinary contests 
for the French crown by the kings of England, which 
are famous in the history of both countries. 



6. What is said of Chariemagne ? 

7. For what is he celebrated in history? 

8. Into what three monarchies was his empire divided ? 
0. Who founded the third race of kings ? 

10. By what was the reign of Philip I. signalized? 

11. What is said of the Crusades ? 

12. Whose reigns were distinguished for these expeditions? 

13. What happened on the death of Charles IV. ? 

14. To what did this claim give rise ? 



70 FRANCE. 

15. Edward invaded France in order to enforce his 
claim, and gained the celebrated victory of Cressy, and 
took Calais. 

\Q. After the death of Philip, John \l. of France, was 
utterly defeated by Edward the Black Prince^ in the 
battle of Poictiers. 

17. But Charles V., surnamed the Wi^e, defeated the 
Enj^lish, and deprived them of most of their possessions 
in France. 

18. Charles the Wise was succeeded by his son 
Charles VI., during- whose unhappy reign, Henry V, of 
England invaded France, and gained the memorable 
victory of Agincourt. 

19. The reign of Charles VII. .is memorable for the 
wonderful exploits of /oan o/^rc, or the Maid of Or- 
leans, who undertook to raise the siege of Orleans, and 
by whose agency the power of the English was over- 
thrown. 

' 20. Louis XL, sometimes called, on account of his 
cruelty and profligacy, the Tiberius of France, obtained 
from the pope the title of Most Christian, a title still 
annexed to the name of the French kings. 

21. Louis XII. was a beneficent sovereign, and gained 
the title of " Father of his People." In his wars he was 
not ultimately successful, though he had for his generals 
the celebrated Chevalier Bayard and Gaston de Foix. 

15. What did Edward III. accomplish ? 

J6. What took place after the death of Philip? 

17. What was effected by Charles the Vv'ise? 

18. What took piace during the reign of Charles VI. ? 

19. For what is the reign of Charles VII. memorable ? 

20. What title was obtained by Louis XL ? 
2L What is said of Louis XIL and his wars.-* 



FRANCIS. 71 



Section II. 



Frovi the Accession of Francis I. in 1515, to that of Louis 
XVI. in 1774. 

1. Louis XII. was succeeded by Francis I., Dit^e of 
AngouUme, who was distinguished for his accomplish- 
ments as a gentleman, a politician, and a warrior ; and 
also as a patron of literature. 

2. Francis, in the early part of his reign, and Charles, 
king of Spain, (C^ftrZes V. of Germany), became rival 
candidates for the imperial throne of Germany. 

3. Charles obtained the prize, and the two rivals 
became, in consequence, declared enemies, and were 
engaged in almost perpetual hostility during their long 
reigns ; but Francis was not found to be a match for 
his rival. 

4. Charles V. was the greatest sovereign of his time, 
and his reign forms a memorable era in the history of 
Europe, not only on account of the wars between the 
different states, but still more so for the establishment 
of the Reformation, the advancement of literature, the 
extension of commerce, and the impulse given to the 
progress of society. 

5. Francis was succeeded by his son Henry TL, whose 
reign is distinguished for the defeat of Philip II. of 
Spain at St. Quentin, for the recovery of Calais from 
the English, and also for the persecutions of the Protest- 
ants, (called also Calvinists and Huguenots), which gave 
rise to the civil wars which distracted France during 
the three succeeding reigns. 

6. Francis II., the son of Henry II., and the first hus- 



Questions. — France. Section 11. 

1. By whom was Louis XLl succeeded ? 

2. For what did he become a candidate ? 

3. Who obtained the prize, and what was the consequence ? 

4. What is said of Charles V. and his reign ? 

5. By whom was Francis succeeded, and for what was his 

reign distinguished ? 

6. "Who was his successor'* 



72 FRANCE. 

band of Mary, afterward the famous queen of Scots, 
reigned only one year. 

7. He Avas succeeded by his brother Charles IX. who 
was then only ten years old ; and whose mother, Cathe- 
rine de Medicis, and the family of the Guises, had the 
chief influence in the direction of the government. 

8. The Protestants had now become numerous in 
France, and had for their leaders the Prince of Conde' 
and Admiral Coligni. 

9. After various contests with the Protestants, the 
king and his court had recourse to treachery, and con- 
certed the horrid massacre of >S'^. Bartholomeiv^s, when 
70,000 Protestants are stated to have been murdered. 

10. Charles IX. was succeeded by his brother Henry 
III., during whose reign the Catholics, with the Duke 
of Guise at their head, formed the famous League, for 
the purpose of extirpating the Protestants. 

11. Henry III., after a distracted reign of 15 years, 
was murdered by James Clement, a Dominican friar, 
and in him ended the line of Valois. 

12. The throne now passed to the house of Bourhon 
in the person of Henry III., king of Navarre, who 
became Henry IV. of France, afterward surnamed the 
Great. 

13. Henry had been educated a Protestant, and on 
this account his accessiron to the throne was opposed by 
a powerful party ; but he triumphed over the army of 
the League in the battle of Ivry. 

14. After this, he renounced Protestanticm, and de- 
clared himself a Catholic ; but he granted to the Pro- 
testants the celebrated Edict of JSPantes, which secured 
to them their rights and privileges. 

7. By whom was Francis succeeded, and who du'ected 

public affairs ? 

8. What was now the state of the Protestants ? 

9. What measures were taken against them ? 

10. By whom was Charles IX. succeeded .'' 

11. What happened to Henry ? 

12. To whom did the throne next pass? 

13. How had Henry been educated, and what was the con- 

sequence ? 

14. What course did he then take r 



FRANCE. 73 

15. Henry was the most popular sovereign that ever 
sat on the throne of France ; and aided by his great 
minister the Duke of Sully, he very much promoted the 
prosperity of his people, during a reign of 21 years, but 
was finally assassinated by Ravaillac, a fanatic Catholic. 

16. He was succeeded by his son Louis XIIL, then 
a boy in his 9th year, during whose minority France 
returned to its former state of disorder, and Sully re- 
tired from court. 

- 17. After the young king became of age, the manage- 
ment of the public affairs was intrusted chiefly to the 
celebrated Cardinal Richelieu, who promoted the gran- 
deur rather than the happiness of France, rendered the 
government more despotic, and crushed the power of 
the Protestants. 

18. Louis XIV. succeeded to the throne in the 5th 
year of his age, and during his minority Cardinal Maza- 
rin was at the head of the public affairs. 

19. After the death of Mazarin the king took upon 
himself the direction of the government, and entered up- 
on a splendid career, both with respect to the internal 
improvement of his kingdom, and designs of foreign 
conquest. 

20. Some of those who contributed most to the suc- 
cess of his designs, were Conde' and Turenne, who com- 
manded his armies, and Colbert, who regulated his 
finances. 

21. But his unbounded ambition at length raised up 
against him formidable enemies, and in the latter part 
of his reign his armies were defeated in the great bat- 
tles of Blenheim, Ramillies, Oudenarde, and Malplaquet ; 

15. Whal is said of him and his reign ? 

16. By whom was Henry IV. succeeded ? 

17. By whom, and in what way, were the public affairs 

managed in this reign .'' 

18. Who succeeded to the throne } 

19. What did Louis do after the death of Mazarin .' 

20. Who were ^orae who contributed most to the success of 

his designs ^ 

21. What took place afterward, in the latter part of his 

reign ? 



74 FRANCE. 

and at the peace of Utrecht, he lost nearly all that he 
had gamed. 

22. One of his most unjust as well as impolitic acts, 
was the revocation of the Edict of JVdntes, by which 
more than 500,000 Protestants were driven into exile. 

23. The reign of Louis XIV., which lasted 72 years, 
was longer and more splendid than that of any other of 
the French kings ; and on account of the numerous men 
of genius by whom it was illustrated, it is styled the 
Augustan Age of French literature. 

24. Louis XV., the great-grandson of the preceding 
sovereign, succeeded to the throne in his 6th year. 

25. During the young king's minority, the Duke of 
Orleans was regent ; and this regency is remarkable 
chiefly for the ruinous design called the Mississippi 
scheme. 

26. The former part of this reign, after the king be- 
came of age, was characterized by the pacific adminis- 
tration of Cardinal Fleury, and the latter part by the war 
of the Austrian Succession, which was termniated by the 
peace of Aix-la-Chapelle; and also by the war between 
France and England respecting their American posses- 
sions, 

27. Louis XV. exercised an oppressive and tyrannical 
reign of 59 years, and he died an object of general odium. 

Section IIL 

From the Accession of Louis XVL to the present time. 

1. Louis XVL, on succeeding his grandfather, found 
himself in a situation of great difficulty, on account of 

22. Wliat was one of his most unjust acts ? 

23. What is said of his reign ? 

24. Who succeeded him ? 

25. Who was regent ? 

26. What is said of the former and latter part of this reign : 
27 What is said of Louis XV. .' 

Questions. — France. Section IIL 
1. Why was the situation of Louis XVL on succeeding to 
the throne, difficult.' 



FRANCE. 



75 



the embarrassment of the finances, and the irritated 
feelings of the people, occasioned by the tyranny and 
profligacy of the late king and his court. 

2. Louis attempted to reform abuses and restore pub- 
lic credit ; and for this end he first placed Turgot at the 
head of the finances, and afterward J\^ecker, 

3. The American revolutionary war was now raging, 
and France was induced to aid the Americans in the 
contest. This circumstance served to increase the dif- 
fusion of the principles of liberty among the people. 

4. On the return of peace in 1783, the French govern- 
ment was in the most embarrassed condition ; public 
credit being gone, and the people dissatisfied, irritated, 
and eager for change. 

5. The king, in order to extricate himself from his 
embarrassments, convoked difl'erent public l>odies, com- 
posed chiefly of the higher orders of the people ; but 
with no good effect. 

6. At length the States- General, a body consisting of 
three orders, nobility, clergy, and the third estate or 
commons, were convoked ; and this body, being actu- 
ated by revolutionary principles, assumed the title of the 
JVational Assembly. 

7. A general insurrection in Paris ensued ; the Bas- 
tile was demolished ; the JVational Assembly, under the 
influence of a body of men, styled the Jacobin Club, 
adopted the most violent measures, and the king at- 
tempted, but without success, to flee out of the kingdom. 

8. In 1792, a new body, styled the JV'itional Conven- 
tion, abolished the regal government, declared France 
a republic, arraigned the king at their bar, and con- 
demned him to suflfer death by the guillotine. 

2. What measures did he adopt ? 

3. What was the effect of aid being afforded to the Ameri- 

cans ? 

4. What was the condition of the government in 1783 ? 

5. What course did the king pursue ? 

6. Of what orders were the States-General composed, and 

what title did th«iy assume ? 

7. What events soon after followed ? 

8. What measures were adopted by the National Conven- 

tion ? 



'76 FRANCE. 

9. The revolutionary government which was now in- 
stituted, has been styled, on account of its violent mea- 
sures, the " Reign of Terror." 

JO. Robespierre and other monsters of vice and cru- 
elty now acted, for a short time, a conspicuous part ; but 
most of the leaders in the scenes of violence which fol- 
lowed, were, in turn, condemned, by rival partisans, to 
suffer death by the guillotine. 

11. Several different constitutions were formed, which, 
after having been a short time in operation, were, in 
turn, set aside. In 1799, JVapoleon Bonaparte was elect- 
ed First Consul, and in 1804, he was crowned Emperor. 

12. Before the e.xecution of the kin j;-, the revolution- 
ary proceedings in France had alarmed the other sove- 
reigns and governments of Europe ; and a series of coa- 
litions against the nation were formed, into which nearly 
all the P^uropean powers successively entered. 

13. The 1st Co ilition PFar against France was com- 
menced in 1792, by Jlustria and Prussia ; and was ter- 
minated by the peace of Campo Formio in 1797, France 
having made the conquest of the JVetherlands and Hol- 
land. 

14. The 2d Coalition War began in 1798, and was 
terminated by the peace of Amiens in 1802. 

15. During this war the French under Bonaparte, de- 
feated the ^ustrians at Marengo, and under Moreau, at 
Hohenlinden. 

16. In the 3d Coalition War, which was commenced 
in 1805, England, Austria, Russia, Siveden, and Prussia 
took part against France ; but in the progress of this 
war, Bonaparte gained the memorable yictovy of Auster- 
litz, which led to the peace of Preshurg. 

9 What has the revolutionary government been styled .'' 

10 Who now became consfiicuous .'' 

11. What political changes took place ? 

12. What effect did the revolutionary proceedings in France 

have on Europe ? 

13. What is said of the 1st Coalition War.' 

14. When did the second begin and end ? 

15. What victories did the French gain in this war? 

16. What is said of the 3d Coalition War ? 



FRANCE. 77 

17. Bonaparte soon after dissolved the German JSm- 
^iVe, and formed the Confederation of the Rhine, of which 
he was acknowledged Protector. He raised the electors 
of Bavaria, Wurtemherg, and Saxony, to the rank of 
kings, and appointed his brother Joseph king of JVaples, 
and his brother Louis king of Holland. 

18. The great accession of power gained by Bona- 
parte, hastened the 4th Coalition War, which was sig- 
nalized by the battles of Jena, Pultusk, Eylau, and 
Fnedland, and was terminated by the peace of Tilsit. 

19. By this peace the king of Prussia lost nearly one 
half of his territory, and Alexander, the emperor of Rus- 
sia, agreed to concur in Bonaparte's system of excluding 
British commerce from the continent. 

20. The provinces conquered from Prussia, were erect- 
ed into a kingdom, named Westphalia, of which Jerome 
Bonaparte was made king. 

21. The French emperor soon after compelled the 
king of Spain to resign his crown to his brother Joseph 
Bonaparte, and he placed his brother-in-law Murat, on 
the throne of JVaples. 

22. The Spaniards rose in opposition to these tyran- 
nical measures, and were assisted by the English under 
the command of Wellington, who gained several victories 
over the French, particularly at Talavera, Salamanca, 
and Vittoria. 

23. While hostilities were raging in Spain, a new 
war broke out, in 1809, between France and Austria, in 
which were fought the battles of Echmuhl, Aspern or 
JEssling, and Wagram. 

24. This war terminated in favour of Bonaparte, who 
compelled i^arim II., the emperor of Austria, to accept 



17. What political changes did Bonaparte make ? 

18. What is said of the 4th Coalition War ? 

19. What was effected by the peace of Tilsit ? 

20. What was done with the provinces conquered from 

Prussia ? 

21. What measures did Bonaparte afterward adopt.'' 

22. To what did these measures lead .'' 

23. What war broke out during the hostilities in Spain ? 

24. How did this war terminate ? 

e2 



78 FRANCE. 

the humiliating peace of Vienna, and to give him his 
daughter Maria Louisa in marriage ; soon after which 
Bonaparte divorced his empress Josephine. 

25. Early in the summer of 1812, Bonaparte invaded 
Russia with an army of 400,000 infantry and 60,000 
cavalry, directing his march towards Moscow, the an- 
cient capital of the empire. 

26. He defeated the Russians at Smolensk ; fought 
the great battle of Borodino, in which about 30,000 men 
fell on each side ; then proceeded to Moscow, which he 
found enveloped in flames and deserted by the inhabi- 
tants. 

27. The burning of this city caused the greatest dis- 
appointment to Bonaparte ; deprived him of all the ad- 
vantages which he anticipated from possessing it ; and 
rendered it necessary for him to abandon the hope of an 
immediate conquest of Russia. 

28. His army, on its retreat to the frontiers, expe- 
rienced a series of disasters, losses, and sufferings, which 
are unparalleled in history, and which issued in its al- 
most total destruction. 

29. While the French were retreating, the emperor 
fled in disguise to Paris, and raised a fresh army of 
350,000 men ; but he was now opposed by the 5th Coa- 
lition of the principal powers of Europe. 

30. Bonaparte again put himself at the head of his 
army, fought the battles of Lutzen, Bautzen, and Dres- 
den, and was totally routed in the great battle of Leipsic, 
with the loss of 40,000 men. 

31. He again escaped to his capital, and attempted, 
but in vain, to rouse the French people. In the mean 
time the Allies penetrated into France, and entered 
Paris. 

32. Bonaparte was now deposed by the Allies, but 

25. What measures did Bonaparte take in 1812 ? 

26. What is said of his progress in this war ? 

27. What was the effect of the burning of Moscow ? 

28. What is said of the retreat of his army ? 

29. What course did the French emperor now pursue ; 

30. What were his next movements ? 

31. W^hat afterward took place ? 

32. What measures did the Allies take ? 



FRANCE. 79 

allowed to retire to the island of Elba, retaining the 
title of emperor ; and Louis XVIII. was placed on the 
throne. 

33. While the General Congress, which had assembled 
at Vienna to settle the affairs of Europe, was in session, 
Bonaparte, dissatisfied with his situation, landed in the 
south of France, and at the head of 1140 men, marched, 
without opposition, through the country, entered Paris, 
with the loudest acclamations, and was proclaimed em- 
peror ; and Louis XVIII. fled to the frontiers. 

34. As soon as his arrival in France was known at 
Vienna, he was declared by the Congress a traitor and 
an outlaw ; and a new Coalition of the powers of Europe 
was formed against him. 

35. Bonaparte once more placed himself at the head of 
a large army, but was entirely defeated by the Allies 
under Wellington and Blucher, in the memorable battle 
of Waterloo, with the loss of upwards of 40,000 men. 

36. He again abdicated the throne, and surrendered 
himself to the English government ; but by the decree 
of the allied sovereigns, he was sent a prisoner to St. 
Helena, where he arrived in October, 1815, and there 
died in May, 1821, in the 52d year of his age. 

37. The career of Bonaparte surpassed, in many re- 
spects, that of every other great conqueror who preceded 
him. He raised himself, by the force of his talents, from 
obscurity, to be the most powerful sovereign of modern 
times ; and no other man has been the cause of so many 
and so astonishing revolutions. 

.38. He favoured, in many instances, liberal principles ; 
patronized merit independent of rank ; granted religious 
toleration ; encouraged science ; and removed or dimin- 
ished many abuses. 

39. But he exercised over his own dominions a milita- 

33. What exploit did Bonaparte perform while the Con- 

gress were in session at Vienna ? 

34. What measures did the Congress take ? 

35. What was the issue of these measures .'' 

36. What was the destiny of Bonaparte ? 

37. What is said of the career of Bonaparte ? 

38. What are some of the benefits which he conferred I 

39. W^hat further is said of him .' 

e3 



80 EiNGLAND. 

ry despotism, and his insatiable ambition prompted him 
to sacrifice, without scruple, the rights and independence 
of other nations ; and his downfal was hailed with ex- 
ultation by the friends of humanity throughout the 
world. 

40. After the dethronement of Bonaparte, Louis XVIII. 
was again placed on the throne ; and in 1824, he was 
succeeded by his brother Charles X. 

41. France was reduced by the Allies to nearly its 
ancient limits, and it received a freer constitution of 
government than it possessed before the revolution, and, 
in some degree, similar to that of England. 



ENGLAND. 

Section I. 

From the Invasion of the Romans 55 B. C. to Henry II. 
A. D. 1154. 

1. There is no country in the world of which the his- 
tory is more interesting than that of England ; and to 
the people of the United States, it is next in importance 
to the history of their own country. 

2. Julius Ccesar invaded Britain 55 years before the 
Christian era ; and the Roman dominion was completely 
established by Agricola. in the reign of the emperor 
Domitian. 

3- At the time of this conquest, the Britons were a 
barbarous people, clothed with the skins of beasts, and 

40. What took place after the dethronement of Bonaparte ? 

41. What is said of the state of France ? 

Questions. — England. Section I. 
1. What is said of the history of England ? 
3. By whom was England invaded and conquered ? 
3. What was the character of the Britons at the time of the 
Roman conquest ? 



ENGLAND. 81 

their religion, styled druidism, was a most cruel super- 
stition. 

4. The Romans built three walls across the island, 
and retained possession of it till the year 410. 

5. After the island was abandoned by the Romans, 
the Scots and Pids, from the northern part, attacked 
the Britons, who applied for assistance to the Saxons 
and Angles of German3^ 

6. The Saxons took possession of the country, and 
finally divided it into seven kingdoms, called the Saxon 
Heptarchy. 

7. In 827, Egbert, a Saxon prince, united the seven 
kingdoms into one monarchy, under the name of Eng- 
land. 

8. The most illustrious of the Saxon race of kings 
was Alfred the Great, who was the most enlightened 
sovereign of his age, and whose reign forms an impor- 
tant era in the early history of the kingdom. 

9. England, in the early ages of its history, suffered 
much from the ravages of the Danes, who, at length, un- 
der their king Siueyn, and his son Canute the Great, 
made a complete conquest of the country. 

10. Twenty-five years after the expulsion of the 
Danes, William of JVormandy, styled William the Con- 
queror, with an army of JVormans, invaded England, 
gained the memorable battle of Hastings, and compelled 
the nation to submit to his sceptre. 

11. All the kings of the different families, who have 
since possessed the throne of England, have been 
descended from William the Conqueror. 

12. William was a tyrannical sovereign, of great abil- 



4. What works did the Romans construct ? 

5. What happened after the Romans abandoned the island ? 

6. What was done by the Saxons ? 

7. What did Egbert perform ? 

8. Who was the greatest of the Saxon kings : 

9. What is related of the Danes ? 

10. What took place after the expulsion of the Danes ? 

11. From whom have all the subsequent kings of England 

descended ? 

12. What is said of William the Conqueror ? 

e4 



82 



ENGLAND. 



ities, and is noted for having introduced into England 
the Feudal System, and the use of the JVorman language. 

13. He was succeeded by his son William II. who 
was surnamed Rufus from his red hair, and was kill- 
ed by an arrow while hunting, 

14. William II. dying without children, his brother 
Henry 1 , surnamed Beauclerc, on account of his learn- 
ing, ascended the throne. 

15. On the death of Henry, his nephew Stephen 
usurped the throne to the exclusion of his daughter Ma- 
tilda, who was first married to Henry V., emperor of 
Germany, and afterward to Geoffrey Plantagenet, earl of 
Anjou. 

Section II. 

From the Accession of Henry II. in 1154, to that of Henry 
VII. in 1485. 

1. Stephen was succeeded by Henry II. {Plantagenet) 
the son of Matilda. The Plantagenet Family, including 
the branches of Lancaster and York, possessed the 
throne till the time of Henry VII. 

2. This reign is famous for contests between the king 
and Thomas a Becket, the haughty archbishop of Can- 
terbury, who was murdered in his church, and afterward 
canonized as a saint by the pope, and whose tomb be- 
came a celebrated resort of pilgrims. 

3. Henry conquered Ireland and annexed it to England. 
He was the greatest sovereign of his age, but of a disso- 
lute character ; and the latter part of his life was ren- 
dered miserable by the ingratitude and rebellion of his 



13. By whom was he succeeded ? 

14. Who next ascended the throne ? 

15. What took place after the death of Henry ? 

Questiohs. — England. Section H. 

1. By whom was Stephen succeeded, and how long did the 

Plantagenets possess the throne ? 

2. For what is this reign famous ? 

3. What is said of Henry's exploits and character ? 



ENGLAiVD. 83 

4. He left the throne to his son Richard I., who was 
surnamed C(Bur de Lion or Lion-hearted, and who dis- 
tmguished himself by his exploits in the Crusades. 

5. Richard was succeeded by his brother John, who 
was an odious tyrant, but w^as compelled to grant 
to his subjects the famous deed of Magna Charta, or the 
Great Charter, which is regarded as the grand bulwark 
of English liberty. 

6. Henry III., the son and successor of John, was a 
weak prince, and was engaged in almost perpetual con- 
tests with his people and the nobles ; but to this reign 
the English owe the commencement of their House of 
Commons. 

7. Henry was succeeded by his son Edward I., who 
was surnamed Longshanks from the length of his legs, 
and was distinguished as a warrior. On account of 
his wisdom as a legislator, he has been styled the Eng- 
lish Justinian. 

8. He subdued Wales and annexed it to England, and 
since that period the king's eldest son has been styled 
Prince of Wales. 

9. Edward commenced a long and sanguinary war 
with the Scots,^ who were at first defended by their king 
Baliol, and afterward by their renowned hero William 
Wallace. 

10. He was succeeded by his son Edward H., a weak 
prince, who was defeated by the Scots under Robert 
Bruce at the famous battle of Bannockburn. 

11. Edward, after an inglorious and unhappy reign, 
was deposed by his infamous queen Isabella and her 
paramour Mortimer, and at last cruelly murdered. 

12. Edward HI., the son and successor of Edward H., 
possessed great talents both as a statesman and a war- 

4. To whom did he leave the throne ? 

5. By whom was Richard succeeded ? 

6. What is said of Henry IH. ? \ 

7. By whom was be succeeded ? 

8. What country did he subdue ? 

9. What war did he engaf^e in ? 

10. By whom was he succeeded ? 

11. What happened to him ? 

12. What is said of Edward III. and his reign ? 



84 ENGLAND. 

rior, and his reign, with regard to military achievements, 
is the most brilliant in the history of England ; and it is 
also noted as the period when chivalry was, in that 
country, at its zenith. 

13. On the death of Charles IV. of France, Edward 
having laid claim to the throne of that kingdom in right 
of his mother, invaded the country with an army of 
30,000 men, and gained the memorable victory of Cressy, 
over the French army of 100,000. 

14. His heroic son Edward the Black Prince, (so called 
from the colour or covering of his armour,) afterward 
with an army of 1G,000, gained a signal victory at Poic- 
tiers, over the French king John, who had an army of 
60,000. 

15. David, king of Scotland, had been already de- 
feated and captured at Durham, and the kings of 
France and Scotland, were both led in triumph to Lon- 
don, and there retained as prisoners. 

16. Edward was succeeded by his grandson Richard 
XL, the son of the Black Prince, who was weak and in- 
dolent, and whose reign is noted for the rebellion of 
Wat Tylei' ; for the battle of Otterhurn between the 
English and Scots ; and for the propagation of the re- 
formed doctrines of Wickliffe. 

17. Richard was deposed by Henry, Duke of Lancaster, 
who was the son of John of Gaunt, and grandson of Ed- 
ward III., and who usurped the throne to the exclu- 
sion of the house of York, and took the title of Hen- 
ry lY. 

18. The house of York (called the White-Rose) and the 
house of Lancaster (the Red-Rose) were both descended 
from Edward III. ; the former from his 3d son, and the 
latter from his 4th ; and the conflicting claims of these 

13 What design did be engage in with respect to France ? 

14. What victory v^as gained by his son ? 

15. What two kings were captured and led in triumph to 

London ? 

16. Who next succeeded to the throne, and for what was his 

reign noted ? 

17. By whom was Richard deposed .-' 

18. What w^as the origin of the houses of York and Lan- 

caster ? 



houses involved England in a long and sanguinary civil 
war. 

19. Henry was a man of talents, but he had an un- 
happy and turbulent reign. 

20. He was succeeded by his son Henry V., who, 
though noted for his dissoluteness in early life, reformed 
his character on beinii raised to the turone ; and he is 
ranked as one of the most heroic of the English mon- 
archs. 

21. He revived the claim to the crown of France, 
invaded the country, and gained the celebrated victory 
of .igincourf. 

'22. This reign is also noted for the martyrdom of the 
famous Sir John Oldcasth {hard Cobham) the leader 
of the Wickliffites, who had now become numerous in 
England. 

2-3. Henry W., the son of the last king, succeeded to 
the throne in his infancy, and during his minority, the 
French, assisted by Joan of Arc, defeated the English, 
and stripped them of most of their possessions in France. 

24. Henry was a weak sovereign, destitute of the 
talents necessary for his station: but he had for his 
queen the famous heroine, Margaret, who fought the 
battles of her husband. 

25. This reign wels characterized by the sanguinary 
civil war between the two houses of York and LancasUr, 
called the war of the Two Roses, during the progress of 
which more tlian 100,03(3 Englishmen were slain by each 
others hands. 

26. After a long and bloody contest, the Duke of 
York was proclaimed king, instead of Henry, by the title 
of Edward IV. 

27. The new king found a powerful enemy in the 

19 What is said nf Henry ? 

20. By whom was he succeeded r 

21. What celebrated victory did he gaia r 

22. Fop what else is this rei^n noted ? 

23. What happened during the minority of Henry VI. - 

24. What is said of Henry and his queen ? 

25. By what was his reign characterized ? 

26. How was Henry succeeded ' 

27. By whom was the new king opposed ? 



86 ENGLAJVD. 

heroic queen Margaret, who was, however, defeated in 
the desperate battles of Towton and Shrewsbury. 

28. The renowned Earl of Warwick, who had sup- 
ported Edward, was induced to take part against him, 
hut was defeated and slain in the battle of Barnet. 

29. Edward was succeeded by his son Edward V., a 
boy only 13 years old ; but he and his younger brother, 
the Duke of York, were murdered by the order of their 
uncle and guardian, who usurped the throne, with the 
title of Richard III. 

30. Richard was not permitted long to enjoy his ill- 
acquired power, but was defeated and slain in the bat- 
tle of Bosivorth, by his rival, the Earl of Richmond, who 
was crowned on the field by the title of Henry VII. 



Section III. 

From the Accession of Henry VII. in 1485, to that of 
James I. in 1603. 

1^ He7iry Yll., the first king of the Tudor Family, 
was descended from the house of Lancaster, and he 
married Elizabeth, the daughter of Edward IV. ; and in 
this way the two rival houses were united, and an end 
was put to the sanguinary civil war, which had long 
desolated the country. 

2. Henry was despotic and avaricious, but his policy 
was pacific, and he was one of the most useful sovereigns; 
that have sat on the throne of England. 

3, His reign is noted for the promotion of industry, 
the extension of wealth and commerce, the commence- 
ment of the navy of England, and the downfal of the 
Feudal System in that country. 

28. What is related of the Earl of Warwick ? 

29. By whom was Edward succeeded, and what took place P 

30. What happened to Richard ? 

Questions. — England. Section HI. 

1. From whom was Henry VII. descended, and whom did 

he marry ? 

2. What is said of him ? 3. For what is his reign noted ? 



ENGLAND. 87 

4. The character of Henry VIIL, the son and succes- 
sor of Henry VII., is notorious for tyranny and ( ruelty ; 
but liis reign is memorable for the introduction of the 
Reformation into Engliind. 

5. In tlie early part of his reign, his army gained the 
battle of Spurs' over the French ; and also the famous 
victor V of Flodden over the Scots un ler James IV. 

6. Before the age of 30, Henry wrote a book against 
Luther, which pleased pope Leo X. so much that he 
conferred on him the title of " Defender of the Faith," 
a title which his successors have ever since retained. 

7. Henry's first wife was Catherine of .^rragon, who 
was the widow of Ids elder brother Arthur, and with 
whom he lived about 18 years. 

8. Having conceived a passion for the beautiful Anne 
Boleyn, he applied to the pope for a divorce from Catha- 
rine, on the ground of her having been the wife of his 
brother. 

9. The pope did not see fit to grant his request, and 
on account of his refusal, Henry separated himself from 
the Church of Rome, abolished the pope's authority in 
England, and caused himself to be declared the supreme 
head of the English church. 

10. The king soon afterward caused his new queen 
to be beheaded. His other four wives were Jane Sey- 
mour, who died after giving birth to Prince Edward ; 
Anne of Cleves, whom he soon discarded ; Catharine 
Howard, whom he beheaded ; and Catharine Parr, who 
survived him. 

11. Some of the most illustrious men who flourished 
during Henry's reign were Cardinal TVolsey, who was dis- 
graced for opposing his divorce ; Sir Thomas More, who 
was beheaded for opposing his ecclesiastical supremacy ; 

4. What is said of Henry Vfll. ? 

5. What battles did his armies gain ? 

6. What title was conferred on him by the pope ? 

7. Who was Henry's first wife ? 

8. Whst measure did he take with regard to her? 

9. What was the result of this measure ? 

10. Who were hisother four wives ? 

11. Who were some of the illustrious men that flourished 

during his reign ? 



88 ENGLAND. 

Thomas Cromwell, who was beheaded for promoting" his 
joyless marriage with Anne of Cleves ; and Archbishop 
Cranmer, who was the principal instrument in establish- 
ing the Reformation in England, and who retained the 
uniform favour of the king. 

12. Henry VIII. left three children, namely, Mary, 
the daughter of Catharine of Arragon ; Elizabeth, the 
daughter of Anne Boleyn ; and Edward, the son of Jane 
Seymour. 

13. He was succeeded by his amiable son Edward 
VI., during whose reign the Protestant religion was 
established, but who died at the age of 16. 

14. Edward was succeeded by his sister Mary, who 
was a big-oted and cruel papist, and who was married 
to Philip II. of Spain. 

15. Her reign is noted for the persecution of the 
Protestants, and for the burning of Cranmer, Latimer, 
and other eminent English Reformers. 

16. Mary was succeeded by her sister Elizabeth, who 
was the last of the Tudors, and who possessed extraor- 
dinary talents as a sovereign, though she was far from 
being amiable as a woman. 

17. In her reign the Protestant religion was protected ; 
the church of England was established in its present 
form ; and the nation rose to a higher state of prosperity 
than it had before attained, in agriculture, commerce, 
arts, and literature. 

18. Some of the great men by whom this reign was 
illustrated, were Bacon, Burleigh, and Walsingham, dis- 
tinguished statesmen ; also Hooker and Shakspeare. 

19. Elizabeth is reproached for her cruelty and insin- 
cerity to Mary, the famous Q,ueen of Scots, who, having 
lost the favour of her subjects, sought refuge in England, 

12. What children did he leave ? 

13. By whom was he succeeded ? 

14. By whom was Edward succeeded ? 

15. For what is her reign noted ? 
^Q. By whom was she succeeded ? 

1 7. What is said of his reign .' 

18. What great men flourished in this reign ? 

19. For what is Elizabeth reproached in relation to Mary, 

Queen of Scots ? 



ENGLAND. 89 

and after being detained a prisoner 18 years in Fother- 
ingay Castle, was beheaded. 

20. During the reign of Elizabeth a most formidable 
armament, styled the ^^ Invincible Armada" consisting 
of 150 ships of war, was sent by Philip II of Spain, for 
the conquest of England, but it met with a signal defeat. 

Section IV. 

From the Accession of James I. in 1603, to that of George 
I. in 1714. 

1. Elizabeth was succeeded by the son of Mary Stuart, 
Queen of Scots, James VI. of Scotland, who was great 
grandson of Henry VIL, and who took the title of James 
I. of England ; and in him the two crowns were united. 

2. The kings of the Stuart Family were arbitrary and 
impolitic, and their reigns formed one continued strug- 
gle for power between the monarch and the people. 

3. The pacific disposition of James was favourable to 
the happiness of his subjects, but his attachment to un- 
worthy favourites rendered him contemptible. 

4. Some of the most memorable events of his reign 
were the discovery of the Chinpowder Plot, the execu- 
tion of Sir Walter Raleigh after an imprisonment of 13 
years, and the settlement of JVew England. 

5. James was succeeded by his son, the arbitrary and 
unfortunate Charles I., whose reign was unhappy both 
to his subjects and to himself. 

6. Charles attempted to raise money without the sanc- 
tion of parliament. This measure, and other acts sub- 
versive of both civil and religious liberty, led to a civil 



20. What is said of the Armada sent against England ? 
Questions. — England. Section IV. 

1. By whom was Elizabeth succeeded ? 

2. What is said of the kings of the Stuart family ? 

3. What is said of James I. 

4. What were some of the most memorable events of his 

reign ? 

5. By whom was James succeeded ? 

6. How did Charles proceed in conducting the government* 



90 ENGLAND. 

7. The Earl of Strafford and Archbishop Laud, the 
chief counsellors of the king in his tyrannical measures, 
were impeached by parliament, and executed as ene- 
mies to the rights of the people. 

^. In the civil war, the adherents of the king con- 
sisted of the friends of the established church and the 
Catholics, and they were styled Cavaliers. 

9. The supporters of the parliament were called 
Round-Heads, and comprised most of the large towns, 
and also the Puritans who had now become numerous 
and powerful. 

10. The army of the parliament was commanded at 
first by the Earl of Essex, then by Lord Fairfax, and 
afterward by Oliver Cromwell. 

11. The royalists had the advantage in the battles of 
Edgehill and JVewherry, but in those of Marston-Moor 
and JYasehy, they were entirely defeated. 

12. The king was, soon after, taken prisoner, brought 
to trial, condemned, and beheaded. 

13. On the ruins of monarchy a republican form of 
government was now established, under the direction of 
parliament. 

14. In Scotland Charles II. was proclaimed king, but 
his army was entirely defeated by Cromwell in the bat- ' 
ties of Dunbar and Worcester. 

15. The army having, at length, wrested the authori- 
ty from parliament, Cromivell, their commander, seized 
upon the supreme power, and for eight years administer- 
ed the government with unrivalled energy and ability, 
under the title of Protector. 

16. On the death of this extraordinary man, his son 

7. Who were his chief counsellors, and what was their fate .'' 

8. Who were the adherents of the king ? 

9. Who were the supporters of parliament ? 

10. Who commanded the army of the parliaraent? 

11. In what battles were the royalists victorious, and in 

what defeated ? 

12. What afterward happened to the king ? 

13. What form of government was now erected i* 

14. What events next took place ? 

15. What course did Cromwell take ? 

16. Who succeeded him ? 



ENGLAND. 



91 



Richard succeeded to the protectorship, but being desti- 
tute of the talents and ambition of his father, he soon 
resigned the office. 

17. By means of general Monk^ Charles II. was placed 
on the throne of his father on the 29th of May, 1660. 

18. Charles was permitted to assume the crown with- 
out assenting to any conditions ; but he showed himself 
wholly unworthy of the confidence reposed in him, by 
his extreme prodigality and profligacy ; by trampling on 
all the rights of the people ; and by degrading himself 
so far as to receive a pension from France. 

19. The character of the court, as well as that of the 
king, was notorious for profligacy ; and the rei^n was 
characterized by a general dissoluteness of manners, 
reign, which had, for a long time, a most unhappy in- 
fluence upon the nation. 

20. Some of the most remarkable events during this 
reign, were the great plague and the great /re in Lon- 
don, and the execution of the distinguished patriots, 
Lord Russell, and Mgernon Sidney. 

21. Charles was succeeded by his brother, James II., 
whose short and inglorious reign was wholly employed 
in attempts to establish the Catholic religion and despotic 
power. 

22. The tyrannical measures of the king having ex- 
cited general indignation, his nephew and son-in-law, 
William, Prince of Orange, was invited to England in or- 
der to assume the government ; on his arrival, James, find- 
ing himself abandoned by his people, escaped to France. 

23. The parliament declared the king's flight an ab- 
dication, and settled the crown upon the prince and 
princess of Orange by the title of William III. and Mary, 
This event is styled in English history, The Revolu- 



17. What next followed ? 

18. What is said of Charles ? 

19. What was the character of the court and of the reign .'' 

20. What were some of the most remarkable events ? 

21. By whom was Charles succeeded? 

22. What took place in consequence of his tyrannical meas- 

ures ? 

23. What course did the parliament take ? 

F 



92 ENGLAND. 

24. The British Constitution was now settled ; the 
rights of the people and the prerogative of the king 
were defined ; the Protestant succession was secured ; 
religious toleration granted ; and Presbyterianism re- 
established in Scotland. 

25. William, a brave and warlike sovereign, dying 
without children, was succeeded by queen Anne, the 
second daughter of James II. 

26. The reign of Anne was distinguished for the mili- 
tary achievements of the Duke of Marlborough ; for the 
constitutional union of England and Scotland, by the 
name of Great Britain ; and for the flourishing state of 
philosophy and literature, on account of wliich it is 
sometimes styled the Augustan age of England. 

Section V. 

From the Accession of George I. in 1714, to the 'present 
time. 

1. Queen Anne, dying without children, was succeed- 
ed by George I., who was of the house of Brunswick or 
Hanover, and the great-grandson of James I., and whose 
reign was pacific and prosperous. 

2. The English nation has been, ever since the reign 
of Charles II., divided into two parties, Whigs and To- 
ries ; the former favouring the rights of the people, the 
latter those of the crown. 

3. The Whigs were advocates for the succession of 
George, and received favour from him. This alienated 
the Tories, who took part in a rebellion with the Pre- 
tender, the son of James II. ; but the insurrection was 
suppressed. 

24. What change took place with regard to the government ? 

25. By whom was William succeeded ? 

26. For what was the reign of Anne distinguished .' 

(Questions. — England. Section V. 

1. Bv whom was Anne succeeded ? 

2. Into what two parties has the English nation been long 

divided .'' 

3. How did these parties act on the accession of George ? 



ENGLAJVD. 



93 



4. George II., the son and successor of Greorge L, was 
an able general, and too fond of war. 

5. He engaged in the war of the Austrian Succession, 
and in person defeated the French in the battle of Det- 
tingen. 

6. While George was absent on the continent, Charles 
Edivard, the young Pretender^ grandson of James IL, 
made an attempt to recover the crown ; but he was to- 
tally defeated in the battle of CuUoden, which put an 
end to the efforts of the Stuart family to re-ascend the 
throne. 

7. In the latter part of this reign, a war was carried 
on in America between the English and French, and the 
former, after gaining various other successes, under the 
command of general Wolfe, took the city of Quebec, and 
made the conquest of Canada. 

8. George IL was succeeded in 1760, by his grand- 
son Geo/ge III., who had the longest and one of the 
most eventful reigns in English history. 

9. 'Soon after his accession to the throne, the British 
colonies in /America revolted, on account of the oppres- 
sive measures of the English government, and made a 
declaration of independence, which was finally acknowl- 
edged by Great Britiin. 

10. In the calamitous war which grew out of the 
French Revolution, aud which continued for about 25 
years to convulse Europe, Great Britain was the most 
powerful and most uniform enemy of France- 

11. Some of the principal victories gained by the 
British in this war, were those of the Mle and Trafalgar 
by JVelson, and those of Talavera, Salamanca, Vittoria, 
and Waterloo, by Wdlington. 

4. What is *aid of George H. ? 

5. In what war did he engage? 

6. What look place while he was absent? 

7. What war was carried on in the latter part of this reign ? 

8. By whom was Georg-e TI. succeeded ? 

9. What took place soon aTfer his succession ? 

10. In the war which grew out of the French Revolution 

what nation was the most formidable enemy of France ? 

11. What were some of the victories gained by the English ? 



94 



CHART OF MODERN CHRONOLOGY. 



12. In the early part of this reign the extension of the 
English dominions in India commenced, and before the 
close of it, these dominions comprised the greater part 
of Hindoostan, embracing a population of upwards of 
70,000,000, subject to British power or influence, and 
forming more important foreign colonies than were ever 
before possessed by any nation. 

13. The burden of the public debt and taxes increased 
to an enormous extent during this reign ; the debt hav- 
ing swelled from about 80 millions to about 1000 mil- 
lions ; and the taxes from 8 to 70 millions sterling. 

14. George III., during the last ten years of his life, 
was afflicted with insanity ; and his son, the Prince of 
Wales, acted as Regent : and in 1820, the Prince suc- 
ceeded to the throne, by the title of Georgel'V. 



CHART OF MODERN CHRONOLOGY. 

Chart JVo. TIL 
Explanations and Remarks. 

1. The first column contains a list of the English kings, 
from the foundation of the monarchy under Egbert to 
the present time, with a distinction of the different ^mi- 
lies. 

2. A complete list of all the English sovereigns since 
the time of William the Conqueror, is here exhibited ; 
but the names of some of the kings who preceded Wil- 
liam, are omitted for want of room. 

12. What is said of the British dominions in India ? 

13. What has been the increase of the public debt and taxes 

during this reign ? 

14. What was the state of George III. during the last ten 

years of his life, and Avho has succeeded him ? 

Questions. — Explanations, &c. of the Chart of 
Modern Chronology. 

1. What does the first column contain ? 

2. Is the list complete ? 



CHART OF MODERN CHRONOLOGY. 95 

3. The figures on the left hand of the names added to 
the next century above, show the commencement of the 
reign ; as, e. g. the reign of William I. commenced in 1066. 

4. The 2d column contains the names of the most dis- 
tinguished sovereigns of other countries. 

5. The Sd column exhibits a view of some of the most 
remarkable eras and revolutions. 

6. In this column it is seen that the Crusades com- 
menced near the close of the 11th century, and continued 
till toward the end of the 13th. 

7. It also appears that the Feudal System and Chivalry 
prevailed from the 11th to the end of the 15th century. 
This was the period in which they were at their height; 
but the- Feudal System prevailed among some nations 
several centuries earlier, and it is not yet wholly root- 
ed out of Europe. 

8. The 4:ih column contains the names of the most 
celebrated battles. 

9. The 5th column contains an enumeration of the 
most important events which have taken place in Ec- 
clesiastical History^ or which relate to the state and 
progress of religion. 

10. From this column it appears that the age of 
Scholastic Theology extended from the 11th century to 
the end of the 15th, near the commencement of the Re- 
formation. 

11. The state of religion during the Middle or Dark 
Ages, till the time of the Reformation, was extremely low. 

12. Those who have separated from the Church of 

3. What do the figures on the left hand denote ? 

4. What does the second column contain ? 

5. What does the third column exhibit ? 

6. When does it appear that the Crusades began and ended ? 

7. When did the Feudal System and Chivalry prevail ? 

8. What does the fourth column contain ? 

9. What does the fifth column contain ? 

10. When did Scholastic Theology flourish ? 

11. What was the state of religion during the Middle or 

Dark Ages ? 

12. What are those styled who have separated from the 

church of Rome ? 
f2 



96 CHART OF MODERN CHRONOLOGY. 

Rome, since the beginning of the Reformation, are 
styled Protestants, and have become divided into a 
great number of different denominations. 

13. The most celebrated order of the Roman Catholic 
church, in modern times, is that of the Jesuits, who were 
instituted, at an early period of the Reformation, and 
who have caused their influence to be felt in every civil- 
ized country, by directing the education of princes and 
the youth of the higher classes ; by their lax system of 
morals ; and by their hostility to civil and religious 
liberty. 

14. The present age is distinguished above those 
which have preceded it, for the establishment of Bihle 
societies, Missionary societies, &c., for the purpose of dif- 
fusing a knowledge of the Scriptures and of Christianity. 

15. The 6th column exhibits a view of the progress of 
society and improvement, with the names of those by 
whom many of the most important inventions and im- 
provements have been made. 

16. By inspecting this column one may perceive that 
many matters, arts, and improvements, important to hu- 
man subsistence, comfort, and intellectual advancement, 
are of very modern invention or introduction. 

17. The invention of gunpowder, in the 14th century, 
has totally changed the mode of carrying on war. 

18. The invention of the art of printing, in the 15th 
century, has given a wide diffusion to knowledge, which 
was before confined to comparatively a few, and has, to 
an extraordinary degree, multiplied books, which, before 
that invention, were extremely scarce, and to be pro- 
cured only by the rich ; but they are now put within the 
reach of all classes. 



13. What is said of the Jesuits ? 

14. For what is the present age distinguished ? 

15. What does the sixth column exhibit? 

16. What may be seen by inspecting this column ? 

17. What has been occasioned by the invention of gun- 

powder ? 

18. What effect has been pruduced by the invention of the 

art of printing ? 



cnAUT OF MODERN CHRONOLOGY. 97 

19. The Ith and last column, on the Chart, exhibits 
the names of some of the most eminent men that have 
flourished in each century, since the year 800. — Those 
in Italics were ecclesiastics or clergymen. 

20. The Middle or Dark Ages are usually considered 
as ending at the same time with the Eastern Empire of 
the Romans, about the middle of the 15th century; 
though literature had, before that time, begun to revive 
in some parts of Europe, particularly in Italy. 

21. The most admired of the Saracen philosophers 
was Averroes, who flourished in the latter part of the 12th 
century, and the beginning of the 13th. 

22. JSome of the most distinguished men among the 
Scholastics, were Abelard, Thomas Aquinas (the most 
celebrated metaphysician of the Middle Ages), Bona- 
venture, Alhertus Magnus, Roger Bacon (a great mathe- 
matician and natural philosopher). Duns Scotus, and 
William Occam. 

23. In the revival of literature in modern times, Italy 
has the honour of having taken the lead ; afterward fol- 
lowed France, England, Germany, &c. 

24. The classic literature of modern Italy may be con- 
sidered as beginning with her great poet Dante, at the 
commencement of the 14th century. Some of her other 
principal poets are Petrarch, Ariosto, and Tasso. 

2.5. The 16th century was illustrated by many great 
men, as well as characterized by important events and 
revolutions. 

26. Erasmus, a native of Rotterdam, was the most 
celebrated scholar of his age ; and Copernicus of Thorn, 
in Prussia, w^as the restorer of the true system of the 
world. 

19. What does the 7th and last column contain ? 

20. When did the Middle or Dark Ages end ? 

21. Who was the most admired of the Saracen philosophers ? 

22. Who were some of the most distinguished Scholastics ? 

23. What nation took the lead in the revival of modern lite- 

rature ? 

24. When may the classic literature of Italy be considered as 

beginning ? 

25. What is said of the 16th century ? 

26. What is said of Erasmus and Copernicus ? 

f3 



98 CHART OF MODERN CHRONOLOGY. 

27. In the great work of the Reformation, Luther 
took the lead, and among his distinguished coadjutors 
were Zuinglius, Cranmer, Melancthon, and Calvin. 

28. Enghsh classical literature may be considered as 
beginning in the reign of Elizabeth, with Shakspeare, the 
great English dramatic poet, and Bacon, who pointed 
out the true mode of philosophizing. 

29. Some of the most distinguished names that have 
since appeared in England, are Milton, the greatest epic 
poet of modern times ; Dryden, Pope, Goldsmith, and 
Cowper, also eminent poets ; Locke, the most renowned 
metaphysician of England ; JYewton, the greatest mathe- 
matician and astronomer ; Addison and Johnson ad- 
mired as elegant writers. 

30. The most flourishing period of French literature 
was during the reign of Louis XIV. in the latter half of 
the 17th century, and the beginning of the 18th, being 
illustrated by Des Cartes, Pascal, Corneille, Racine, Fene- 
lon, and many other distinguished men. 

31. Camoens, the poet, is the chief boast of Portugal, 
and Cervantes is the most distinguished name in Spanish 
literature. 

32. Kepler of Germany, and Galileo of Italy, were the 
most eminent astronomers of their age. 

33. Leibnitz holds the first rank among the philoso- 
phers of Germany, and LtnncBus of Sweden is the most 
distinguished naturalist of modern times. 

27. Who were some of the chief Reformers ^ 

28. When does English classical literature commence ? 

29. What are some of the most distinguished men that have 

since appeared in England .'' 

30. When was the most flourishing period of French litera- 

ture ? 

31. What is said of Camoens and Cervantes ? 

32. What is said of Kepler and Galileo ? 

33. What is said of Leibnitz and Linnaeus .'' 

Questions on the Chart of Modern Chronology. 

1. Who was the first king of England ? 

2. When was Alfred king ? 3. Canute ? 

4. Who were the kings of the Norman family ? 

5. Who of the Plantagenet ? 6. Lancaster ? 



CHART OF MODERN CHRONOLOGY. 99 

7. York? 8. Tudor? 9. Stuart? 10. Brunswick? 

11. In what century did Charlemagne flourish ? 

12. Ghenghiz-Khan ? 13. Timur Bek ? 14. Charles V. ? 
15. Henry IV. ? 16. Louis XIV. ? 17. Peter the Great ? 
18. Frederic the Great ? 19. Bonaparte ? 

20. Who were some of the principal sovereigns of the 9th 

century? 21. Of the 10th ? &c. 
22. What were some of the principal eras and revolutions of 

the 9th century ? 23. Of the 10th ? &c. 

24. What battle took place in the 9th century ? 

25. In the lOth ? &c. 

26. What facts and events relating to religion are enumerated 

in the 9th century ? 27. In the 10th ? kc. 
28. What inventions and improvements originated in the 
9th century ? 29. In the lOth ? &c. 

30. What eminent men are enumerated in the 9th century ? 

31. In the 10th ? &c. 



f4 



AMERICA. 



DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT. 



1. The discovery of America was the greatest achieve- 
ment of the kind ever performed by man ; and consider- 
ed in connexion with its consequences, it is the greatest 
event of modern times. 

2. Some of the consequences which have flowed from 
it, have been a great increase of commeree ; the intro- 
duction of new and important articles of trade ; a great 
augmentation of the precious metals in circulation 
throughout the world ; a new impulse to colonization ; 
and a wide extension of civilization and of Christianity. 

3. This discovery was made in 1492, by Christopher 
Columbus of Genoa, who sailed under the patronage of 
queen Isabella of Spain. 

4. The part first discovered was called St. Salvador, 
one of the Bahama Islands ; and soon after the islands 
of Cuba and St. Domingo^ or Hayti, were visited. 

5. The passage to India round the Cape of Good 
Hope (discovered by Vasco de Gama five years after 
the discovery of America) was not yet known, and the 
merchandise of that part of the world was brought up 
the Red sea, and transported across the land to Alex- 
andria, and thence to Europe. 

1. What is said of the discovery of America ? 

2. What have been some of the consequences of it ? 

3. When and by whom was this discovery made ? 

4. What part was first discovered ? 

5. How was the merchandise of India, before this period, 

conveyed to Europe? 



AMERICA. 101 

6. To find a passage to the East Indies by sea, had 
long been an object of pursuit ; and it was in quest of 
snch a passage that Columbus undertook his voyage ; 
and having reached the islands which he discovered by 
a western route, he denominated them the West Indies. 

7. In 1498, Columbus discovered the continent of 
South America ; and the next year it was also discover- 
ed by Americus Vesputius of Florence, who claimed to 
be the first discoverer, and from him the continent has 
been improperly called America. 

8. In 1521, Cortez at the head of a small band of 
Spaniards, completed the conquest of the great empire 
of Mexico. 

9. In 1531, Pizarro at the head of only 180 Spaniards, 
invaded the king'dom of Peru, which was soon after 
subdued. . 

10., At the time of the invasion of the Spaniards, the 
Mexicans and Peruvians had made great progress to- 
wards civilization, having considerable knowledge of 
agriculture, architecture, sculpture, and the working of 
the precious metals. 

11. The French in the reign of Francis I., discovered 
Canada, which they first named JVew France, and took 
possession of the country in the name of the king. 

12. In 1584, the celebrated Sir Walter Raleigh, under 
the patronage of queen Elizabeth, discovered the coun- 
try of Virginia, so named from the queen ; and he and 
some others made att 
proved unsuccessful. 

13. It was the practice of Europeans, the example 
having been set by Columbus himself, to take possession 

6. What object had Columbus in view in his voyage ? 

7. When was South Aaierica discovered, and from whom 

was the continent named ? 

8. When and by whom was Mexico conquered ? 

9. Who conquered Peru ? 

10. What is said of the Mexicans and Peruvians at the time 

of the conquest ? 

11. What country did the French discover.? 

12. When and by whom was Virginia discovered .'' 

13. What was the practice of Em-opeans with regard to the 

countries which they visited .'' 



102 AMERICA. 

of the parts of America which they visited, hy the pre- 
tended right of discovery. The original inhabitants 
were treated as if they had no rights, and were no more 
owners of the soil than the beasts of the forest. 

14. The pope granted to the sovereigns of Spain the 
countries discovered by their subjects ; and the propa- 
gation of Christianity was held out as the reason for 
taking possession of them ; and this was made the pre- 
text for every species of injustice and cruelty, which the 
defenceless inhabitants of America were destined to 
experience from Cortez, Pizarro, and other unprincipled 
invaders. 

15. The Spaniards who first visited America came 
chiefly in the pursuit of gold and silver ; and millions of 
the wretched natives were subjected to a kind of annual 
conscription called the meta, by which they were com- 
pelled to perform in the mines a service so hard and un- 
healthy, that it proved fatal to about one third of those 
who were thus employed. 

16. The discovery and settlement of America also 
gave rise to that foul stigma on Christendom, the ./2/ri- 
ean sUve trade, by which millions of the unhappy Afri- 
cans have been torn from their native country, and 
doomed to a miserable servitude. 

14. What was held out as the pretext for taking possessioa 

of America ? 

15. To what hardships were the natives subjected by the 

Spaniards ? 
-16. To what other system of injustice did the discovery and 
settlement of America give rise ? 



THE UNITED STATES. 
Section I. 



Settlement and Early History of the Colonies ; from 1607 
to 1682. 

1. From the first settlement of this country to the 
declaration of independence, in 1776, the inhabitants 
were in a state of colonial subjection to Great Britain, 
and were styled the British Colonies in America. 

2. The colonization of this country originated either 
in religious persecution, carried on in England against 
the Puritans and other denominations of Christians, or 
in schemes of adventurers, who set out for the new 
world in pursuit of gain. 

3. It was the former cause which peopled the colo- 
nies of JVeiv England, and it is to the latter that the 
colonies of Virginia and JVew- York owed their origin. 
These may be considered as the original or parent colo- 
nies. 

4. These colonies struggled long with hardships and 
difficulties incident to all new establishments, on barba- 
rous shores, remote from civilized society; and were at 
times reduced to great extremities by sickness, want, 
and the hostilities of the Indians, insomuch that it was, 
several times, resolved to abandon the settlement of the 
country as impracticable. 



Questions. — The United States. Section I. 

1. What was the condition of the inhabitants of this coun- 

try before 1776 P 

2. In what did the colonization of this country originate ? 

3. What colonies were settled by the influence of these 

causes ? 

4. What is said of their early condition ? 



104 THE UNITED STATES. 

5. The first successful attempt of the English to estab- 
lish a colony^in America, was made, in 1607, by 105 ad- 
venturers, who founded a town on James river in Vir- 
ginia, and named it Jamestown, in honour of king 
James I. 

6. The name of the first president was Wingjidd; 
but the most distinguished among the adventurers was 
captain John Smith, a man of talents, courage, and en- 
terprise, who was the second year chosen president ; 
and who has been styled the Father of the colony. 

7. The most powerful Indian chief, at this time in the 
region, was Powhatan, whose daughter Pocahontas is 
celebrated in the early history of Virginia, for her ser- 
vices in preserving peace between the colonists and In- 
dians, and who was married to one of the English 
planters. 

8. In the year 1610, the colonists suffered a famine so 
severe and distressing, that they were reduced, in the 
space of six months, from nearly 500 to 60. This ca- 
lamitous season was known, for many years, by the 
name of The starving time. 

9. The first adventurers came out with the hope of 
acquiring wealth by the discovery of the precious met- 
als ; but in this they were disappointed. 

10c In 1616, the cultivation o£ tobacco was introduced, 
and it soon became the chief object of attention to the 
colonists, constituted the principal part of their property, 
and formed the medium of trade. 

11. The colony, having received repeated accessions 
by new arrivals, and having suffered severe reverses 
by sickness, want, and hostilities with the Indians, 
at length enjoyed a considerable degree of prosperity. 



5. What account is given of the first successful attempt of 

the English to establish a colony in America? 

6. Who was the first president, and who the most distin- 

guished adventurer ? 

7. What is said of Powhatan and Pocahontas ? 

8. What calamity happened to the colonists in 16i0 ? 

9. What was the object of the first adventurers ? 

10. What became their chief object of attention ? 

11. Did the colony eventually flourish ? 



THE UNITED STATES. 



105 



12. During the government of Sir William Berkeley, 
which commenced in 1639, and lasted nearly forty years, 
the colony was generally prosperous. 

13. It suffered, however, considerably by restrictions 
imposed upon its trade by the British government, which 
finally, near the end of Berkley's administration, gave 
rise to a calamitous insurrection, known by the name of 
Bacon's Rebellion, so called from its leader. 

14. In 1609, Henry Hudson, an Englishman, in the 
service of the Dutch,' discovered the noble river which 
bears his name. 

15. The Dutch took possession of the country and 
called it JYew JVetherlands ; and two forts were erected 
in or about the year 1614, one at Albany, the other on 
Manhattan island, where the city of J^ew York now 
stands. 

16. While in possession of the Dutch, the government 
of the colony was admiaistered by three successive 
governors, viz. Van Twiller, Kieft, and Stuyvesant. 

17. In 1664, the English under the command of colo- 
nel JVicholls, took the country from the Dutch, and its 
name was changed to JVeiv York, in honour of the Duke 
of York, to whom it had been granted by Charles II. 

18. In 1620, the settlement of Plymouth colony, which 
was the first permanent settlement in New England, 
was commenced at Plymouth, now in Massachusetts, by 
101 English Puritans, who formed a part of the congre- 
gation of Mr. John Robinson. 

19. This congregation, having been several years be- 
fore driven from England by persecution, had[ fled to 
Holland ; but a part of them were, at length, induced to 

12. What was its state during Sir William Berkley's govern- 

ment ? 

13. What evils did it suffer ? 

14. Who discovered Hudson river ? 

15. What measures did the Dutch take .'* 

16. By whom was the colony governed ? 

17. What took place in 1664 ? 

18. What account is given of the settlement of Plymouth ? 

19. What is related c^ Mr. Robinson's congregation ^ 



l06 THE UNITED STATES. 

seek in the wilds of America, an asylum, where they 
might enjoy civil and religioas liberty. 

20. They landed on the 22d of Becemher, and began 
to prepare habitations. They v/ere soon after visited by 
distressing sickness, which, in the space of the first 
three months, carried off about one half of their number. 

21. They instituted a republican form of government, 
and chose John Carver for their first governor. A mili- 
tary organization was likewise formed, and Miles Stand- 
ish was elected captain. 

22. In 1621, they formed a treaty of peace Und friend- 
ship with Massasoit, who was sachem of the Wampa- 
noags, and the most powerful Indian chief in the region ; 
and from him the name of Massachusetts is derived. 

23. This treaty, which was of great importance to the 
colony, was strictly observed till the commencement of 
Philip's war, a period of 54 years. 

24. In 1628, the foundation was laid of the colony of 
Massachusetts Bay, by a company of adventurers under 
John Endicott, who formed a settlement at JVaumkmg, 
now Salem. 

25. In 1630, 1500 persons under governor John Win- 
throp, arrived at Charlestown, and soon afterward com- 
menced the settlement of Boston and other towns in the 
vicinity. 

26. The colonies of Connecticut, JVew Haven, and 
Rhode Island, were soon afterward commenced ; and in 
the space of 20 years, the settlements were widely ex- 
tended in various parts of JNew England. 

27. The support of religion and the promotion of edu- 
cation received the early and particular attention of the 
colonists ; and in ten years after the first settlement of 

20. When did tiiey land, and what befel them ? 

21. What government did they establish ? 

22. With what Indian chief did they form a treaty ? 

23. What is said of this treaty ? 

24. When and by whom was the colony of Massachusetts 

Bay founded .'' 

25. What took place in 1630 ? 

26. What other colonies were soon after founded ? 

27. To what subjects did the colonists give particular atten- 

tion ? 



THE UNITED STATES. 107 

Massachusetts Bay, Harvard College was founded at 
Cambridge. 

28. The Puritans were generally characterized by 
their strict morality and zealous piety ; but the princi- 
ples of rehgious toleration were not in that age under- 
stood ; and these men who had, on account of their re- 
ligion, suffered persecution, in their turn, persecuted 
those who differed from themselves. 

29. They landed in the country without having ob- 
tained the consent of the natives ; yet the general prin- 
ciple upon which they proceeded was, before taking 
possession of the lands, to procure them of the Indians 
by regular purchase. 

30. During the first 50 years, the colonies of Plymouth 
and Massachusetts Bay, had but little trouble with the 
Indians ; but the colony of Connecticut, two years after 
it was first planted, was engaged in a severe contest with 
the Pequods, who were entirely defeated by the colonists 
under captain Mason, with the loss of 600 or 700, being 
about two thirds of their whole number. 

31. In 1643, the four colonies of Plymouth, Massachu- 
setts Bay, Connecticut, and JVew Haven, formed, for their 
mutual security and welfare, a confederacy by the name 
of the United Colonies of JVeiv England, a union which 
lasted till the colonies were deprived of their charters 
by James II , a period of more than 40 years. 

32. The most general and destructive Indian war in 
which the colonists were ever involved, took place in 
1675 and lo76, vath Philip, who was king or sachem of 
the Wampanoags, and whose principal residence was at 
Mount Hope in Hhode Island. 

33. Philip was a man of great courage and talents, 
and was at the head of an extensive combination of In- 
dian tribes, formed for the purpose of extirpating the 

28. What is related of the Puritans? 

29. How did they proceed with regard to the natives f 

30. What is said respecting their connexion with the Indians ? 

31. What union Avas formed by the colonies ? 

32. What was the most destructive Indian war that ever 

took place in New England ? 

33. What is related of Philip .' 



108 THE UNITED STATES. 

colonies, lest they should deprive the natives of their 
hunting grounds and their independence. 

34. The Indians had now acquired, in some degree, 
the use of fire-arms ; and hostilities v/ere conducted 
with great spirit and energy on both sides, and with the 
usual ferocity of savage warfare. 

35. The greatest battle during the contest, called the 
Swamp Fight, was fought in December, 1675, in the 
Narraganset country. 

36. The colonists under the command of Josiah Wins- 
low, governor of Plymouth colony, gained a decisive vic- 
tory, yet with the loss of 230 men killed and wounded, 
and among the slain were six captains. The loss of the 
Indians was estimated at 1000. 

37. The next year, the great warrior Philip was slain 
by a party under the famous captain Church, and peace 
was soon after restored. 

38. During this war about 600 buildings of the colo- 
nists, mostly dwellinghouses, were burnt; about 600 
men, comprising a great part of the strength of the 
country, were slain, besides many women and children ; 
and others were led into a miserable captivity ; so that 
there was scarcely a family or an individual that had 
not lost a relative or a friend. 

39. The founder of Maryland was Sir George Calvert, 
Lord Baltimore, an eminent Roman Catholic ; and the 
country received its name in honour of Henrietta Maria^ 
queen of Charles I. 

40. Before the patent was completed. Sir George died, 
and his son Leonard Calvert, was appointed the first 
governor, and he, together with about 200, commenced 
a settlement in 1634. 



34. How was the war conducted ? 

35. What was the greatest battle that was fought ? 

36. By whom were the colonists commanded, and what 

losses were sustained ? 

37. What took place the next year ? 

38. What is related respecting this war ? 

39. What account is given of the settlement of Maryland ? 

40. Who was the first governor i* 



THE UNITED STATES. . 109 

41. In 1682, the celebrated William Penn, together 
with about 2,000 associates, who were mostly, like him- 
self, of the denomination of Quakers, commenced the 
eettlement of the country named from him Pennsylvania:, 
and the next year he laid out the plan of the city of 
Philadelphia. 

42. This great man and wise legislator mad« civil and 
religious liberty the basis of all his institutions ; and no 
other colony advanced so rapidly in population an.d. 
prosperity as this. 

43. He treated the Indians with equity and humanity, 
as men and brethren ; and formed with them a treaty of 
peace and friendship, which was observed inviolate for 
more than 70 years. 

44. In the foundation of Rhode Island by Roger Wil- 
iiams, of Maryland by Lord Baltimore, and, on a more 
extended scale, of Pennsylvania by William Penn, the 
free toleration of religion was recognised ; and these 
were the first civil communities in which this liberal and 
enlightened principle was legally established and acted 
4ipon. 



Section 11. 
From 1682 to the Peace of Paris V7Q^, 

1. For more than a century after the first permanent 
English settlement in America, the throne of England 
was occupied by sovereigns of the Stuart Family, the 
influence of whose arbitrary principles was felt in this 
country as well as in Great Britain. 

2. The Colonies w^ere repeatedly threatened by the 

41. What account i?.given of the settlement of Pennsylvania ? 

42. What did the founder make the basis of his institutions ? 

43. What is said respecting his connexion with the Indians ? 

44. What is said respecting the foundation of Rhode Island, 

Maryland, and Pennsylvania ? 

Questions, — The United States. Section II. 

1. What sovereigns reigned in England during the first 

century after the settlement of Virginia ? 

2. What was threatened, and what was done by them ? 



110 THE UNITED STATES. 

king with the loss of their liberties, and in 1686, Sir 
Edmund Andros, having been appointed by Jc^.Ties II. 
governor of New England, arrived in Boston, sumn^oned 
the Colonies to surrender their charters, and afterward 
exercised a most oppressive government. 

3. But the Revolution of 1688, in England, and the 
accession of William and Mary to the throne, brought 
deliverance from despotism to the colonies, as well as to 
Great Britain. 

4. Connecticut and Rhode Island immediately resumed 
their charters ; — that of the former having been conceal- 
ed in the hollow of an oak in Hartford ; — and the colonies 
o^ Plymouth, &nd Massachusetts Bay were united into one, 
under a new charter. 

5. Though the Revolution in England restored to the 
colonies their liberties, yet it subjected them to the evils 
of two successive wars with the French and Indians, 
one during the reign of William and Mary, the other 
during that of queen Anne, and ending with the peace 
of Utrecht, in 1713. 

6. During the 25 years preceding this peace, the Colo- 
nies had enjoyed only 4 or 5 years of exemption from 
war. 

7. The sufferings of the people were severe ; their 
prosperity greatly checked ; about 8,000 young men, the 
flower of the country, had been sacrified in war ; and 
most families were in mourning for the loss of friends. 

8. After the peace of Utrecht, the country enjoyed, 
for about 30 years, a state of comparative tranquillity. 

9. In 1744, another war broke out between England 
and France, which was rendered memorable in America 
by the capture of the strongly fortified town of Louis- 
hurgj on the island of Cape Breton, by troops from New 
England, under the command of Sir William PepperelL 

3. What was the effect of the Revolution in England ? 

4. What took place afterward ? 

5. To what evils did the Revolution subject the colonies? 

6. What was their condition during 25 years preceding the 

peace of Utrecht ? 

7. What is related respecting their calamities? 

8. What was their condition after the peace of Utrecht ? 

9. By what was the war which broke out in 1744 rendered 

memorable ? 



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Ill 



10. Tb. news of this brilliant achievement excited 
the Fr.mch government to send, in 1746, under the com- 
manJ.of the Duke ofd'AnviUe, a more formidable arma- 
ment than had ever before been destined against JNorth 
America, consisting of 11 ships of the line and 30 small- 
er vessels, with a large military force. 

11. But the issue of this enterprise is one of the most 
extraordinary events recorded in modern history. In 
consequence of tremendous storms and mortal sickness, 
and also of the death of the principal commanders, the 
expedition failed of accomplishing a single object for 
which it was sent ; and the whole design against this 
country was frustrated without the intervention of hu- 
man aid. 

12. An end was put to the war by the peace of Aix- 
la-Chapelle in 1748, soon after which the French made 
great exertions to extend their line of military posts 
from Canada to the Mississippi ; which brought on a 
contest between them and the Ohio Company. 

13. The British gevernment being informed of the 
proceedings of the French, directed the Americans to 
oppose them by force of arms ; and also sent naval and 
land forces from England. 

14. In 1755, an expedition was sent against Fort du 
Quesne (now Pittsburg), under the command of general 
Braddock, who bad two English regiments, and a body 
of colonial troops under the command of George Wash- 
ington, then a young man with the rank of colonel. 

15. Braddock, being attacked by a party of French 
and Indians in ambush, was entirely defeated, and was 
himself slain ; and the surviving troops were led off by 
Washington. 

16. Another expedition under the command of general 
Johnson, was sent, the same year, against Crown Point ; 

10. Wliat measures did the French government take ? 

11. What is related of this enterprise ? 

12. By what was this war ended, and what took place after- 

ward ? 

13. What course did the British government take ? 

14. What etiterprise was then undertaken ? 

15. What was the issue of this expedition? 

16. What other expedition was undertaken ? 



im 



THE UNITED STATES. 



^nd a battle was fought on the banks of Lake Oeorge,- 
in which the French were defeated, and Dieskau, their 
commander, was mortally wounded. 

17. In the campaigns of 1756 and 1757, little was ac- 
complished ; but in 1758, Mr. Pitt, afterward Lord 
Chatham, having been placed at the head of the British 
administration, measures were taken for prosecuting the 
war with spirit. 

18. Louishurg, which had been restored to the French, 
Was again, in 1758, taken by general Amherst and ad* 
miral Boscawen^ 

19. Fort du Qiiesne was also taken by general Forbes, 
and its name changed to Pittsburg; but general Aber- 
erombie, in making an attack on THconderogaf met with 
a severe repulse. 

20. In 1759, Ticonderaga and Crown Point were taken 
by general Amherst ; and JYiagara by general Prideaux. 

21. The celebrated gen€ral Wolfe engaged in a more 
arduous enterprise, namely, the reduction of the city of 
Quebec, a place of immense strength, protected by about 
10,000 men, under ^Montcalm, an able Ffefich general. 

22.- Wolfe undertook, during the night, to lead his 
army, consisting of 8,000 men, up a steep precipice ; and 
before sun-rise, his troops were arrayed on the Heights 
of Abi'abam behind the city. 

23. A severe battle ensued, in which the French 
were entirely defeated, and the two great rivals, Wolfe 
and Montcalm, were both mortally wounded. 

24. This battle was followed by the reduction of the 
city, aiid ultimately by that of all Canada, which, to^ 
gether With JVova Scotia and the island of Cape Breton^ 
was confirmed to England by the peace of Paris, in 1763. 

25. The success of this war, joyful as it was to Great 

17. What is said of the campaigns of 1756 and 1757 .' 

18. By whom was Louisburg agaia taken ? 

19. What other events took place in 1758 ? 

20. What places were taken in 1759 ? 

21. What enterprise was undertaken by general Wolfe ? 

22. How did he proceed in the design ? 

23. What then took place ? 

24. By what was this battle followed .' 

25. How did the success of this war affect the colonics ^ 



•fHE UNITED STATES. 113 

Britain, was still more so to the Colonies, who now ex- 
pected a release from the heavy calamities which they 
had long suffered from hostilities with the French and 
Indians^. 

Section III. 

From the Peace of Paris in 1763, to the Declaration of 
Independence in 1776. 

1. Notwithstanding the calamitous effects of the long 
aiid distressing Wars With the French and Indians, the 
Colonies had made rapid progress in wealth and popula- 
tion ; and at the peace of 1763, they had risen to a high 
state of prosperity, abounding in individuals of enter- 
prise and talents. 

2. After the conquest of Canada had freed the Colo- 
nies from the evils of war, the mother country be- 
gan speedily to assert her sovereignty over them, and to 
interfere in their civil concerns, in a manner which ex- 
cited the most serious alarm. 

3. The British parliament fornied a plan of raising a 
revenue by taxing the Colonies, the pretext for which 
Was, that Great Britain might obtain indemnification for 
the great expenses of the late war made in their defence. 

4. But the Colonies denied the right of Great Britain 
to tax them at all, contending " that taxation and repre^ 
sentation were inseparable ; and that they could not be 
safe, if their property could be taken from them v/ithout 
their consent." 

5. In 1765, the famous stamp act Was past, laying a 
duty on all paper used for instruments of writing, as 
deeds, notes, &c., and declaring writings on unstamped 
materials null and void. 

Questions. — The United States. Section III. 

1. What is said of the prosperity and condition of the Colo- 

nies ? 

2. What course did the mother country now take ? 

3. What was the pretext for taxing the Colonies ? 

4. What ground did the Colonies take ? 

5. What act was passed by parliament in 1765 ? 

g9 



114 THE UNITED STATES. 

6. The news of this measure caused a great sensation 
throughout the country ; the crown officers were, in 
some instances, treated with violence and outrage ; and 
the merchants bound themselves to a resolution not to 
import any more goods from Great Britain, until the act 
should be repealed. 

7. A Colonial Congress, composed of delegates from 
nine of the Colonies, met, in 1765, in JVew York, publish- 
ed a declaration of their rights and grievances, insisting 
particularly on the right of exclusively taxing them- 
selves, and complaining loudly of the stamp act. 

8. This act was never executed ; and in 1766, it was 
repealed ; but the repeal was preceded by a declaration 
of parliament, " that they had, and of right ought to 
have, the power to bind the Colonies in all cases what- 
soever." 

9. The same year parliament passed an act, imposing 
duties upon glass, paper, painters' colours, and tea ; and 
two regiments of British troops were sent to Boston. 

10. On the 5th of March, 1770, an affray took place 
between the soldiers and some Bostonians, in which 
three of the latter were killed, and five dangerously 
wounded. The persons concerned in their death were 
tried, and all acquitted except two, who were convicted 
of manslaughter. 

11 . In 1770, all the duties were repealed except the 
one of three pence on tea ; but the colonists were de- 
termined to resist the principle of taxation in every 
shape ; and the inhabitants of New- York and Philadel- 
phia returned to England the tea ships which were sent 
to those cities ; and in Boston, some persons, disguised 
as Indians, threw the tea from the ships into the water. 

12. (1774.) — Boston being regarded as the principal 
seat of rebellion, parliament passed an act^ called the 

6. What effects did the news of this measure produce ? 

7. What public measure was then adopted ? 

8. What was the fate of the stamp act ? 

9. What act did parliament then pass ? 

10. What took place on the 5th of March 1770 ? 

11. What course was taken with regard to tea ? 

12. What measure was taken in 1774, with respect to Boston ? 



THE UNITED STATES. 115 

" Boston Port Bill,^^ by which all intercourse with that 
town by water, was prohibited. 

13. In May, general Gage arrived in Boston, com- 
missioned as governor of Massachusetts and commander 
of the British forces, and was soon followed by more 
troops, with military stores. 

14. The Colonists now seeing that it was the deter- 
mination of the British government to reduce them to 
submission by force of arms, took measures to prepare 
themselves for the contest, by enrolling men and collect- 
ing military stores. 

15. A new Congress, known by the name of the Con- 
tinental Congress, consisting of 55 delegates, met at 
Philadelphia in September, made a declaration of rights, 
and drew up an address to the king, another to the 
people of Great Britain, and a third to the Colonies. 

16. The difference between the two contending par- 
ties, was immense. Great Britain was the first mari- 
time power in the world, and possessed well disciplined 
armies, and vast resources : the Colonies were compara- 
tively destitute ; and their want of regular troops, arms, 
and ammunition, and especially of money, embarrassed 
all their operations, during the continuance of the con- 
test. 

17. (1775.) — A body of troops was sent by general 
Gage to seize some military stores at Concord ; and on 
their passage through Lexington, on the morning of the 
19th of April, about 70 men were found under arms, 
who, being ordered to disperse by the British command- 
er, and not immediately obeying, were fired upon, and 
8 of them were killed. 

18. This was the commencement of the war. The 
Americans immediately secured the forts and arsenals 
throughout the colonies, raised regular forces, and col- 
lected a considerable army in the vicinity of Boston. 

13. When, and in what capacity, did general Gage arrive ? 

14. What measures did the Colonists now adopt ? 

15. What Congress met, and what did it do ? 

16. W^hat is said respecting the two contending parties ? 

17. What were the circumstances of the affair at Lexington ? 

18. What measures did the Americans now take ? 

g3 



116 THE UNITED STATES. 

19. In May, the second Continental or General Co»- 
gress met at Philadelphia, and adopted the appellation 
of United Colonies ; and the same month generals 
Howe, Burgoyne, and Clinton^ with large reinforcements 
of British troops, arrived at Boston. 

20. The Americans having determined if possible to 
dislodge the British forces in Boston, a detachment of 
1,000 men under the command of colonel Prescot, was 
ordered to throw up, in the night of the 16th of June, a 
breastwork on Bunker^s Hill in Charlestown. 

21. The next day the Americans were attacked by 
general Hoioe at the head of 3,000 men, and after a 
desperate resistance, they were compelled, by the want 
of ammunition, to retreat, though their loss was less than 
half as great as that of the enemy. 

22. While the British troops were advancing, general 
Gage gave orders to set fire to Charlestown; and the 
whole town, consisting of about 400 houses, was laid in 
ashes. 

23. Congress agreed upon Articles of Confederation, 
in which all the 13 Colonies united ; drew up a decla- 
ration, justifying their resistance ; and appointed to the 
supreme command of the American army George Wash- 
ington, a member of their body from Virginia, who, on 
the 2d of July, arrived at Cambridge, where he establish- 
ed his head-quarters. 

24. An unsuccessful expedition was sent to Canada 
under the command of general Montgomery, who was 
slain in an assault on Quebec, and his army repulsed. 

25. The American army investing Boston now amount- 
ed to about 15,000 men, but for want of arms, ammuni- 
tion, &c., it had hitherto remained inactive. 

26. (1776.) — Early this year general Washington re- 
solved to expel the British from Boston, and for this 

19. What next took place ? 

20. What step did the Amerieans then take ? 

21. What nest followed ? 

22. What measure did general Gage adopt ? 

23. What was now done by Congress ? 

24. What expedition was undertaken ? 

25. What is said of the American array investing Boston r 

26. W^hat did Washington resolve upon early in 1776? 



TflE UNITED STATES, 117 

purpose, on the night of the 4th of March, a battery was 
erected on Dorchester Heights, near enough for annoy- 
ing them. 

27. General Sir William Howe, who had succeeded 
general Gage as commander in chief, was compelled to 
evacuate the town, and sailed with his array to Halifax ; 
and on the 17th of the month, general Washington tri- 
umphantly entered it, to the great joy of the inhabitants. 

28. On hearing the news of the battle of Bunker Hill, 
the British government adopted measures for making a 
great increase of their army, and for taking into their 
service 16,000 Hessians, as mercenaries, to reduce the 
Americans. They also prohibited all intercourse with 
the Colonies, and declared their property on the high 
seas to be forfeited to those who should capture it. 

29. The Americans had hitherto been contending, not 
for independence, but for constitutional liberty. 

30. But the hostile measures of the British government, 
and other circumstances, produced a great change in the 
public mind ; and a motion in favour of a Declaration of 
Independence, was made, and after a full discussion of 
the question in Congress, it was carried by an almost 
unanimous vote, on the memorable 4:th of July, 1776. 



Section IV. 

From the Declaration of Independence in 1776^ to tJie 
close of the war in 1783. 

1. General Washington, believing that the occupation 
of so important and central a position as that of JVew 
York, would be a favourite object with the British, re- 
moved with his army to that city ; and soon afterward 

27. What was the issue of this proceeding ? 

28. What course did the British government take, on hear- 

ing of the battle of Bunker Hill ? 

29. For what had the Americans been hitherto contending ? 

30. What measures were they now induced to take ? 

Questions. — The United States. Section IF. 
1. What were the next movements of the two armies? 

g4 



118 THE UNITED STATES. 

general Howe arrived there, and was joined by his 
brother, admiral Lord Howe, with a great naval arma- 
ment. 

2. The British troops now brought together, amounted 
to nearly 30,000 men; to these general Washington 
could oppose only about 17,000, most of. them without 
experience or discipline. 

3. On the 27th of August, a battle was fought be- 
tween Brooklyn and Flatbush, and the Americans under 
general Sullivan, met with the greatest defeat that they 
suifered during the war. 

4. In the heat of the engagement Washington crossed 
over from New York to Brooklyn, and during the night 
of the 29th, under the cover of a thick fog, made an ad- 
mirable retreat. 

5. On the 28th of October, the battle of White Plains 
was fought, in which the British had the advantage, and 
soon after general Howe reduced Fort Washington on 
the Hudson, containing a garrison of upwards of 2,000 
men. 

6. Washington then retreated with his army through 
New Jersey, and crossed over to the Pennsylvania side 
of the Delaware, being pursued by the British troops 
under Ijord Cornwallis, who, after arriving at the river, 
went into winter quarters. 

7. The aspect of the American affairs was now exceed- 
ingly gloomy. The campaign had been unsuccessful ; 
the army was greatly reduced, and very destitute ; many 
of the friends of liberty were disheartened ; and many 
abandoned the cause and joined the British. 

8. Washington, aware of the importance of striking 
some effectual blow, in order to animate the expiring 
hopes of the country, on the night of the 27th of De- 
cember, crossed the Delaware, fell upon the enemy at 
Trenton, by surprise, and took the whole body, consist- 

2. What was the number of men in each army? 

3. What battle was fought, and with what result ? 

4. What was accomplished by Washington ? 

5. What were the next events that occurred r 

6. What movement did Washington then make ? 

7. What was now the state of the American affairs ? 

8. What successes did Washington suon after gain ? 



THE UNITED STATES. 



IW 



iug of about 1,000 Hessians ; and on the 3d of January, 
Jie defeated a party of British troops at Princeton. 

9. (1777.)— General Howe, after directing some ope- 
rations in New York, Connecticut, and New Jersey, 
conveyed his army by water to the Chesapeake, and 
landed at the head of navigation on Elk river, with a 
view of taking possession of Philadelphia. 

10. Washington, with a design to frustrate the object 
of Howe, put his army in motion, and on the 11th of Sep- 
tember, a battle was fought on the Brandywine, in 
which the Americans were defeated. 

11. Howe soon after took possession of Philadelphia, 
but stationed the principal part of his army at German- 
town, where they were attacked by Washington, who 
was repulsed with severe loss. 

12. During these inauspicious operations in the Mid- 
dle States, important events were taking place in the 
north. In June, a large army invaded the States through 
Canada, took Ticonderoga, and proceeded to Fort Ed- 
ward on the Hudson. 

13. From this place a detachment was sent to destroy 
some stores at Bennington ; but they were, on the 16th 
and 17th of August, entirely defeated by a body of Ver- 
mont and New Hampshire militia, under general Stark. 

14. On the 19th of September, an obstinate engage- 
ment took place at Stillwater, between the British under 
general Burgoyne, and the Americans under general 
Gates. 

15. Soon after, the British troops were so confined by 
natural objects and by the Americans, in a narrow pass, 
at Saratoga, that Burgoyne and his whole army, con- 
sisting of 5,752 men, were compelled, on the 17th of 
October, to surrender as prisoners of war. 

9. What were the movements of Howe early in the year 
1777 ? 

10. What did Washington do, and what followed ? 

11. What were the next movements ? 

12. What events took place in the north ? 

13. What is said respecting the engagement at Bennington ? 

14. What engagement next took place ? 

15. What soon after happened to the British army? 



120 THE UNITED STATES. 

16. This surrender of Burgoyne excited the liveliest 
joy among the Americans, and inspired them with high 
confidence with regard to their ultimate success ; it had 
also great influence in deciding the French government 
to enter into a treaty of alliance and friendship with the 
United States, which was soon after signed at Paris. 

17. (1778.) — At the opening the campaign of 1778, 
general Howe was succeeded by general Sir Henry 
Clinton as commander in chief, who determined now to 
concentrate the British forces in the city of New -York. 

18. Washington attempted to interrupt the progress 
of the enemy, and an engagement took place between 
the two armies, near Monmouth court house. After the 
battle the British troops retreated to New York, and re- 
mained inactive during the summer. 

19. In July, a French fleet of 12 ships of the line and 
4 frigates, arrived at the entrance of the Delaware, and 
a plan was concerted to attack the British troops at 
JVewport, but it proved unsuccessful. 

20. On the 29th of August, an indecisive engagement 
took place on Rhode Island between the British under 
general Pigott, and the Americans under general Sulli- 
van. 

21. (1779.) — The operations of the war in 1779, were 
not of any decisive consequence ; the exertions of the 
Americans were enfeebled by their want of pecuniary 
resources, and the French fleet accomplished nothing of 
importance. 

22. Some of the most considerable events of this year 
were the reduction of the British garrison at Stony 
Point, on the Hudson, by general Wayne ; the defeat of 
the American general Ash, at Briar Creek, in South 
Carolina, and an unsuccessful attack upon the British, 
in Savannah. 



16. What was the effect of this surrender? 

17. By whom was general Howe succeeded in 1778 ? 

18. What engagement next took place .? 

19. What occurred in July ? 

20. What engagement soon after followed ? 

21. What is said of the operations in 1779 .? 

22. What were some of the most considerable events i 



THE UNITED STATES. 121 

23. (1780.)— In 1780, South Carolina became the chief 
seat of the war; and on the 17th of May, the city of 
Charleston fell into the hands of the British, general 
Lincoln with the American garrison of 2,500 men, being 
compelled to capitulate. 

24. On the 16th of August, the Americans under the 
command of general Gates, were defeated in a severe 
engagement at Camden^ by the British under Lord 
Cornivallis. 

25. The most flagrant instance of treachery during 
the war, occurred this year. This was the plot of gene- 
ral Arnold for delivering into the hands of the enemy 
the important fortress of West Point, on the Hudson. 

26. But the design was seasonably discovered, and 
the unfortunate major Andre, the British agent in the 
affair, was executed as a spy ; but Arnold escaped, and 
received of the British a reward for his treason. 

27. (1781.) — The operations of the w^ar during the 
campaign of 1781, were chiefly in the south, and were 
of great importance. 

28. General Greene bad now the chief command of 
the southern army ; and the principal engagements which 
took place were those of the Cow Pens, Guilford, N. C, 
Camden, and Eutaiv Springs. 

29. Early in the season. Lord Cornivallis proceeded 
to Virginia, where he joined other British forces, and 
after some predatory warfare, he encamped with his 
army at Yorktown. 

30. General Washington, whose camp was now at 
White Plains, in New York, concerted, in conjunction 
with other officers, a plan for a combined attack on Corn- 



23. What state became the chief seat of the war in 1780, 

and what event happened in May ? 

24. What battle was next fought ? 

25. What instance of treachery occurred this year ? 

26. What further is said of it ? 

27. What is said of the operations of 1781 ? 

28. Who had now the command, and what engagements 

took place ? 

29. What movements did Lord Cornwallis make .' 

30. What plan was concerted by Washington ? 



1^ THE UNITED STAtE^. 

wallis, and by rapid marches he proceeded td Elk river, 
where there was a considerable army under the Mar-^ 
quis de Lafayette. 

3L A French fleet arrived seasonably in the Chesa- 
peake, and landed a body of troops to co-operate with 
the Americans. 

32. The whole combined force concentrated under 
Washington against the British, at Yorktown, amounted 
to 16,000 men. 

33. After an ineffectual resistance, Cornioallis was 
compelled, on the 17th of October, to capitulate with his 
whole army, amounting to 7,073 men. 

34. As the surrender of Cornwallis was considered as 
deciding the war, and establishing the independence of 
the United States, the news was every Where received 
with inexpressible joy, and a day of public thanksgiving 
Was appointed by congress. 

35. On the 30th of November, 1782, provisional arti- 
cles of peace were signed ; and on the 3d of September', 
1783, a definitive treaty was concluded, which secured 
to the United States the rank of an independent nation. 

Section V. 
From the Clo3e of the War in 1783, to the present Time. 

1. When the army was to be disbanded, new and se- 
rious difiiculties arose concerning the payment of what 
remained due of their wages and rations. 

2. Congress had, by want of resources to carry on thfe 
war, been driven to issue vast sums of paper currency, 
which depreciated so much as to be of little value ; and 

31. What favourable occurrence took place ? 

32» What was the whole force under Washington ? 

33. What was the result of the enterprise .'' 

34. What is said of this surrender ? 
85. What events followed ? 

Questions. — The United States. Section V. 

1. What difficulties arose on disbanding the army ^ 

2. What sort of currency bad been put in circulation } 



IHE tNltED STATES. 



n$ 



(lie troops having been paid in this currency, were de- 
prived of a great part of what was really their due. 

3. The officers, reposing confidence in the faith of 
their country, remained quiet till the close of the war ; 
but were now much alarmed by the apprehension of 
being disbanded, without having any provision made for 
the payment of what remained due to them. 

4. In this state of feeling, an attempt v>^as made to 
stir them up to violent measures ; but by the influence 
of Washington it was fortunately counteracted. The 
officers were induced to confide in the justice of their 
country ; and Congress put their accounts in a train for 
settlement. 

5. On the 3d of November the army was disbanded, 
and }Vashington resigned his office as commander, and 
retired as a private citizen to his estate at Mount Ver- 
non. 

6. After the close of the war, the government, under 
the AHicles of Confederation, was found to be weak and 
inefficient. Public credit was low. A large national 
debt has been contracted, but no provision was made for 
its payment; and in this state of affiairs, most of the ar- 
my notes were sold at from a 6th to an 8th of their 
nominal value. 

7. The necessity of a more efficient general govern- 
ment being, at length, extensively felt, in May, 1787, 
delegates from the different states met at Philadelphia, 
and on the 17th of September, they unanimously agreed 
on the Federal Constitution, which being transmitted by 
Congress to the several states, was, in 1788, ratified by 
eleven of them, and became the constitution of the 
United States. 

8. Washington was unanimously chosen first presi- 

3. What is said respecting the officers ? 

4. What afterward took place ? 

5. What course did Washington then take ? 

6. What was the political state of the country after the 

close of the war ? 

7. What account is given of the formation of the Constita- 

tion ? 

8. Who was chosen firjst preeident ? 



124 THE UNITED STATES. 

dent of the United States, and was inaugurated on the 
30th of April, 1789, in the city of New- York. 

9. John Adams was chosen vice-president ; Thomas 
Jefferson was appointed secretary of state, and Alexander 
Hamilton secretary of the treasury. 

10. The beneficial effects of the new government 
were soon felt. Public confidence was restored ; com- 
merce revived ; the national debt was funded and brought 
at once to its par value ; and the United States suddenly 
rose from a state of embarrassment and depression to a 
high degree of national prosperity. 

11. Washington having been twice unanimously cho- 
sen president, and having administered the government 
with great advantage to the country, declined a re-elec- 
tion, and again withdrew to his residence at Mount Ver- 
non, and was succeeded in office by John Adams. 

12. During Mr. Adams's administration the French 
revolutionary government, having failed of its object of 
engaging the United States in a war with England, pur- 
sued towards them a course of insult and aggression, 
which ended in open hostilities ; but the disputes be- 
tween the two countries were, not long after, amicably 
adjusted. 

13. At the time of the adoption of the federal consti- 
tution, those in favour of it were styled Federalists, and 
those against it Anti-federalists ; but the names by which 
the two parties, that have unhappily divide 1 the nation, 
were afterward generally known, were Federalists and 
Democrats or Republicans. 

14. These parties differed from each other with re- 
gard botli to foreign and domestic policy The Fede- 
ralists accused the Republicans of an undue partiality 
to France ; and the latter charged the former with a 
similar partiality to England. 

9. Who were some of the other principal officers ? 
10. What were the effects of the new government ? 
IJ. Who succeeded Washington as president .? 

12. What difficulties took place with France during Mr. 

Adams's administration ? 

13. What parties arose at the time of th£ adoption of the 

Constitution ? 

14. In what did these parties differ ? 



THE UNITED STATES. 125 

15. In 1801, a change took place in public affairs ; 
and the Republicans having become the majority, suc- 
ceeded in elevating their candidate, Thomas Jefferson, 
to the presidency, in opposition to Mr. Adams. 

1(3. At the time when Mr. Jefferson came into the 
office of the presidency, the state of the country was 
highly prosperous, and so it continued during the first 
term of his official career, near the end of which he 
was re-elected by an almost unanimous vote. 

17. American commerce having become much annoy- 
ed by the arbitrary measures of the two great bellige- 
rent nations of Europe, France and England, on the 
recommendation of Mr. Jefferson, an embargo was laid in 
December, 1807, on all the shipping of tlie United 
States, which was removed in March 1809, and non- 
interconrse witii France and England was substituted. 

18. In 1809, Mr. Jefferson, having declined a re-elec- 
tion, was succeeded by James Madison. 

19. The causes of irritation and misunderstanding be- 
tween the United States and England increasing, Con- 
gress, on the recommendation of Mr. Madison, passed a 
bill for declaring war, on the 18th of June, 1812. 

20. In July, general Hidl invaded Canada at the head 
of upwards of 2,000 men, but soon surrendered with 
liis whole army ; and in November, a second attempt 
was made to invade the province by general Van Rens- 
selaer, with 1,000 men, but he was likewise compelled 
to surrender. 

, 21. Very different success attended the flag of the 
United States upon the ocean : during this year, three 
English frigates and one sloop of v/ar were captured by 
the Americans. 

15. What took place in 1801 ? 

Ki. What was the stale of the country at this time ? 

17. What measures with regard to American commerce were 

adopted ? 

18. By whom was Mr. Jefferson succeeded .' 

19. What afterward took place ? 

20. What were some of the events of the first year of the 

war ? 

21. What is said of the success of the Americans on the 



126 THE UNITED STATES. 

22. The operations of the war in 1813, were attend- 
ed with alternate successes and reverses. The most 
brilliant achievement was the capture of the British na- 
val force on Lake Erie by commodore Perry ; and the 
achievement in which the British most gloi'ied was the 
capture of the American frigate the Chesapeake. 

23. In 1814, the British were worsted by the Ameri- 
cans under general Brown, in the battles of Chippewa 
and Bridgeivater ; their fleet on Lake Champlain was 
entirely defeated by commodore Macdonough ; and their 
army was repulsed with severe loss, at Plattsburg, by the 
Americans under general Macomb, 

24. During this year the British defeated the Ameri- 
can militia at Biadenshurg, entered Washington, burnt 
the Capitol, and other public buildings ; and afterward 
made an attempt on Baltimore, but were repulsed. 

•25. As the war between the United States and Eng- 
land grew out of the war which had long raged in Eu- 
rope, the reasons for its continuance ceased when that 
war had ended ; and a treaty of peace was signed by 
commissioners from the two countries at Ghent, in De- 
cember, 1814. 

26. On the 8th of January, before the news of peace 
had arrived, the British made an attack upon JVtw Or^ 
leans, but were repulsed by the Americans under gene- 
ral Jackson, with the loss of about 2,600 men, while the 
Americans lost only 13. 

27. Mr. Madison, after having filled the office of presi- 
dent daring 8 years, was succeeded in 1817, by James 
Monroe, whose administration was generally quiet and 
prosperous, and who was succeeded, in 1825, by John 
Qiiincy Adams. 

22. What is said of the operations in 1813 ? 

23. What defeats did the British suffer in 1814 ? 

24. What did the British accomplish ? 

25. Out of what did the war grow, and how did it end? 

26. What took place before the news of peace ? 

27. Who have been the successors of Mr. Madisop .' 



CHART OF AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Chart, JVo. IV. 
Explanation. 

1. The first column exhibits a list of the Kings of 
England during the colonial government; the Presi- 
dents of Congress during the revolutionary war, and the 
government under the articles of confederation ; and 
the Presidents of the United States since the adoption of 
the constitution. 

By this it appears that the settlement of the colonies 
commenced during the reign of James I., and that the 
Inde pendence was declared during the reign of George 
III. 

2. The second column shows the dates of the first 
settlement of the different colonies, and also of the ad- 
mission of such states as have been formed since the 
declaration of Independence. 

3. The third column exhibits the most remarkable 
eras and events. 

4. The fourth column presents a view of the battles 
and military transactions. 

5. The fifth column exhibits a view of the matters 
which illustrate the progress of society and improvement 
in this country. 

6. The sixth column exhibits the dates of the founda- 
tion of the principal literary seminaries. 

Questions. — Chart of American History. Explana- 
tion. 

1. What does the first column exhibit ? 

— During whose reign did the settlement commence, and 
during whose reign did the country become indepen- 
dent ? 

2. What does the second column show ? 3. The third? 
4. The fourth ? 5. The fifth ? 6. The sixth ? 

H 



128 CHART OF AMERICAN HISTORY. 

7. The seventh column contains a list of some of the 
most eminent men of this country, with the time of tlieir 
decease. 

8. The eighth column exhibits some of the principal 
eras relating to other parts of America. 

9. It will be perceived that in this Chart the colonial 
history^ embracing the period from the first settlement of 
the country to the declaration of Independence, is repre- 
sented on a smaller scale than the history subsequent to 
that event. 

7. The seventh ? 8. The eighth ? 

9. What difference respecting the scale is there in the Chart ? 

Questions. — Ceart of American History. 

} When was Amtrica discovered ? 

^ What counlries on the continent of America were first 
conquered ? 

3. By ^\ honn were ths conquests and settlements made i 

4. By whom was Brazil colonized ? 

5. By whom were Canwla and Louisiana settled ? 

6. Who was king of England when the first English settle- 

ments were made ? 

7. What other kings reigned during the colonial govern- 

ment ? 

8 W'hich of the English colonies vvas first settled? 

9. In what order were the others settled? 
10. By whom was Virginia seMed ? 11. New York? 
12 Massachusetts and New" Hampshire ? 

13. New Jersey ? &-c. 

14. What were some of the events of the 17th century, or 

from 1600 to 1700? 

15. What military transactions took place in the same period ? 

16. What colleges were founded in this period ? 

17. What was the population oi JVew England in 1676? 

18. What was the population of the Colonies in 1700 ? 

19. What were some of the events which took place from 

1700 to 1776 ? 

20. What were some of the military transactions of the same 

period ? 

21. What facts are mentioned relating to the progress of 

society ? 

22. What colleges were founded ? 

-23. Who have been the successive presidents of the United 
States? 



EMINENT MEN. 



129 



24. What stales were admitted between 1776 and IROO ? 

25. What eras and events are noticed during the same period ? 
26 At what place did the revolutionary war commence ? 

27. What battles were fought in 1775 and 1776? 

28. What ones in 1777 ? 29. What ones afterward ? 
30 V^'hat two great surrenders of the British took place ? 

31. What wa« the closing scene of the war? 

32. In what battle did the Americans suffer the severest de- 

feat or greatest loss ? 
'33. What military transactions took place after the revolu- 
tionary war, and before 1800? 

34. What was the population of the United States in 1776 ? 

35. What are some of the facts mentioned relating to the 

proorress of society from 1776 to 1800 ? 

36. What colleges were founded in the same period? 

37. What states have been admitted since 1800? 

38. What events are mentioned since that era ? 

39. What military transactions took place between 1800 and 

1812? 

40. What Britisli /r?gflr/es were taken in 1812? 

41. What defeats did the Americans suffer ? 

42. What operations of the w^ai- took place in 1813 ? 

43. In 1814 > 44. In 1815? 

45. What facts are mentioned relating to the progress of 

society since 1800? 

46. What colleges have been established since that time ? 



EMINENT MEN. 

1. Those whose names are printed in Italics, were 
clergymen ; and those whose names stand between the 
lines of 1600 and 1700, were distinguished in the early 
history of the colonies. 

2. John Eliot and David Brainerd were eminent as 
missionaries among the Indians. 

3. Cotton Mather was distinguished for learning, and 
Jonathan Edwards as a metaphysician. 

Qiiestions. — Eminent Men. 

1. What were they whose names are in Italics. 

2. What is said of John Eliot and David Brainerd ? 

3. W^hat of Cotton Mather and Jonathan Edwards ? 



130 EMINENT MEN. -^VT^fe- 

4. A great part of those in the list, who died since 
t-he year 1775, were distinguished for political or mili- 
tary services during the revolutionary war. 

5. Warren, Montgomery, Mercer, Charles Lee, Greene, 
Putnam, Steuben, Sullivan, Marion, Wayne, Schuyler, 
Knox, Gates, and Lincoln, were generals in the revolu- 
tionary war. 

6. Benjamin Franklin, who was born in Boston in 
1706, and died in Philadelphia in 1790, was the most 
celebrated philosopher that America has produced, and 
was distinguished particularly for his discoveries in elec- 
tricity. 

7. David Rittenhouse of Philadelphia was highly dis- 
,tinguished as a mathematician. 

8. George Washington, who was born in Virginia in 
173^, and died in 1799, furnishes the brightest example 
that history affords, in the leader of a revolution, of disin- 
terested patriotism and unsullied reputation. 

9. Alexander Hamilton, born in the island of St. 
Croix in 1757, was a distinguished statesman, and the 
founder of the American system of finance. 

10. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson were the two 
leading members of the committee appointed by con- 
gress to prepare the Declaration of Independence ; of 
which the latter was the writer, and the former the 
most powerful advocate. They, each in his turn, filled 
the first office in the nation, and both died on the 4th of 
July, 1826, being the 50th anniversary of the day, which 
their Declaration had rendered illustrious as the era of 
American Independence. 

4. What is said of a great part of those who have died 

since 1775 ? 

5. Who were generals in the revolutionary war? 

6. What is said of Benjamin Franklin ? 

7. Of David Rittenhouse. 
S. Of George Washington. 
9. Of Alexander Hamilton ? 

10. Of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson ? 



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